London Labour and the London Poor, Vol. 2
by Henry Mayhew
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- LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR
- CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
- INTRODUCTION.
- OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND ARTICLES.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-Hand Metal Articles.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-Hand Metal Trays, &c.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-Hand Linen, &c.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-hand Curtains.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-hand Carpeting, Flannels, Stocking-legs, &c., &c.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-hand Bed-ticking, Sacking, Fringe, &c.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-Hand Glass and Crockery.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-Hand Miscellaneous Articles.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-hand Musical Instruments.
- Of the Music “Duffers.”
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-Hand Weapons.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-hand Curiosities.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-hand Telescopes and Pocket Glasses.
- Of the Street-Sellers of other Miscellaneous Second-Hand Articles.
- Of Second-hand Store Shops.
- Of the Street-sellers of Second-hand Apparel.
- Of the Old Clothes Exchange.
- Of the Wholesale Business at the Old Clothes Exchange.
- Of the Uses of Second-hand Garments.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Petticoat and Rosemary-Lanes.
- Rosemary-lane.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Men’s Second-hand Clothes.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-hand Boots and Shoes.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Old Hats.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Women’s Second-hand Apparel.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Second-hand Furs.
- Of the Second-Hand Sellers of Smithfield-market.
- OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF LIVE ANIMALS.
- Of the former Street-Sellers, “Finders,” Stealers, and Restorers of Dogs.
- Of a Dog-“Finder”.—A “Lurker’s” Career.
- Of the Present Street-Sellers of Dogs.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Sporting Dogs.
- Of the Street Sellers of Live Birds.
- Of the Bird-Catchers who are Street-Sellers.
- Of the Crippled Street Bird-Seller.
- Of the Tricks of the Bird-Duffers.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Foreign Birds.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Birds’-Nests.
- Life of a Bird’s-Nest Seller.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Squirrels.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Leverets, Wild Rabbits, etc.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Gold and Silver Fish.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Tortoises.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Snails, Frogs, Worms, Snakes, Hedgehogs, etc.
- OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF MINERAL PRODUCTIONS AND NATURAL CURIOSITIES.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Coals.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Coke.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Tan-Turf.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Salt.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Sand.
- Of the Street-Sellers of Shells.
- Of the River Beer-Sellers, or Purl-Men.
- OF THE NUMBERS, CAPITAL, AND INCOME OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND ARTICLES, LIVE ANIMALS, MINERAL PRODUCTIONS, ETC.
- Income, or “Takings,” of the Street-Sellers of Second-hand Articles.
- OF THE STREET-BUYERS.
- Of the Street-Buyers of Rags, Broken Metal, Bottles, Glass, and Bones.
- Of the “Rag-and-Bottle,” and the “Marine-Store,” Shops.
- Of the Buyers of Kitchen-Stuff, Grease, and Dripping.
- Of the Street-Buyers of Hare and Rabbit Skins.
- Of the Street-Buyers of Waste (Paper).
- Of the Street-Buyers of Umbrellas and Parasols.
- OF THE STREET-JEWS.
- Of the Trades and Localities of the Street-Jews.
- Of the Jew Old-Clothes Men.
- Of a Jew Street-Seller.
- Of the Jew-Boy Street-Sellers.
- Of the Pursuits, Dwellings, Traffic, etc., of the Jew-Boy Street-Sellers.
- Of the Street Jewesses and Street Jew-Girls.
- Of the Synagogues and the Religion of the Street and other Jews.
- Of the Politics, Literature, and Amusements of the Jews.
- Of the Charities, Schools, and Education of the Jews.
- Of the Funeral Ceremonies, Fasts, and Customs of the Jews.
- Of the Jew Street-Sellers of Accordions, and of their Street Musical Pursuits.
- Of the Street-Buyers of Hogs’-Wash.
- Of the Street-Buyers of Tea-Leaves.
- OF THE STREET-FINDERS OR COLLECTORS.
- Bone-Grubbers and Rag-Gatherers.
- Of the “Pure”-Finders.
- Of the Cigar-end Finders.
- Of the Old Wood Gatherers.
- Of the Dredgers, or River Finders.
- Of the Sewer-Hunters.
- Of the Mud-Larks.
- Of the London Dustmen, Nightmen, Sweeps, and Scavengers.
- RETURN SHOWING THE EXTENT, POPULATION, AND POLICE FORCE IN THE METROPOLITAN POLICE DISTRICT AND THE CITY OF LONDON IN SEPTEMBER, 1850.
- RETURN OF THE NUMBER OF SWEEPS, DUSTMEN, AND NIGHTMEN IN THE METROPOLIS, ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1841.
- TABLE SHOWING THE AREA, NUMBER OF INHABITED HOUSES, AND POPULATION OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE METROPOLIS, 1841-51.
- TABLE SHOWING THE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION AND INHABITED HOUSES, AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AND HOUSES TO EACH ACRE, AND THE NUMBER OF PERSONS TO EACH HOUSE IN THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE METROPOLIS IN 1841-51.
- Of the Dustmen of London.
- Capital of the London Dust Trade.
- Income of the London Dust Trade.
- Expenditure of the London Dust Trade.
- Of the London Sewerage and Scavengery.
- Of the Streets of London.
- Of the Traffic of London.
- Of the Dust and Dirt of the Streets of London.
- A TABLE SHOWING THE SEVERAL DIVISIONS OF THE METROPOLIS CLEANSED BY THE SCAVENGERS AND PARISH MEN, THE NAMES OF THE CONTRACTORS, THE NUMBER OF MEN AND CARTS EMPLOYED IN COLLECTING, THE QUANTITY OF DUST AND MUD COLLECTED DAILY IN THE STREETS IN DRY AND WET WEATHER, WITH THE ANNUAL VALUE OF THE WHOLE.
- Of the Street-Dust of London, and the Loss and Injury occasioned by it.
- LOSS FROM DUST AND DIRT IN THE STREETS OF THE METROPOLIS, OWING TO THE EXTRA WASHING ENTAILED THEREBY.
- TABLE SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE COST OF CLOTHES WORN IN TOWN AND COUNTRY.
- Aggregate Loss upon Clothes worn in London.
- Of the Horse-Dung of the Streets of London.
- FOOD CONSUMED BY AND EXCRETIONS OF A HORSE IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS.
- Gross Weight of the Horse-Dung and Cattle-Droppings annually deposited in the Streets of London:—
- Of Street “Mac” and other Mud.
- Quantity of Street-Refuse collected from the more frequented macadamized Thoroughfares.
- Proportion of “Mac” in the above.
- Quantity of Street-Refuse collected from the less frequented macadamized Thoroughfares.
- Proportion of “Mac.”
- Yearly Total of the Gross Quantity of Street-Refuse, with the Proportionate Quantity of “Mac” collected from the macadamized Thoroughfares of the Metropolis.
- Of the Mud of the Streets.
- Of the Surface-Water of the Streets of London.
- Daily Mechanical Supply of Water to Metropolis.
- Yearly Mechanical Supply of Water.
- “STREET WATERS.
- “ANALYSIS OF THE SOLUBLE MATTER IN DIFFERENT SPECIMENS OF STREET DRAINAGE WATER.
- Of the Master Scavengers in former Times.
- Of the Several Modes and Characteristics of Street-Cleansing.
- Classes of Street-Sweeping Employers.
- Of the Contractors for Scavengery.
- Extract from Minute-book, Nov. 7, 1839. Letter C, Folio 437.
- A TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MEN AND CARTS EMPLOYED IN COLLECTING DUST, IN SCAVENGERY, AND AT RUBBISH CARTING, AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF MEN, WOMEN, AND BOYS WORKING IN THE DUST-YARDS OF THE SEVERAL METROPOLITAN CONTRACTORS.
- Capital of the Master Scavengers.
- Yearly Expenditure of the Master Scavengers.
- Yearly Receipts of Master Scavengers.
- Of the Contractors’ (or Employers’) Premises, &c.
- Of the Working Scavengers under the Contractors.
- TABLE SHOWING THE DIVISION OF LABOUR, MODE AND RATES OF PAYMENT, NATURE OF WORK PERFORMED, TIME UNEMPLOYED, AND AVERAGE EARNINGS OF THE OPERATIVE SCAVAGERS OF LONDON.
- Of the “Casual Hands” among the Scavagers.
- Statement of a “Regular Scavager.”
- Of the Influence of Free Trade on the Earnings of the Scavagers.
- Of the Worse Paid Scavagers, or those working for Scurf[18] Employers.
- Of the Street-Sweeping Machine, and the Street-Sweepers employed with it.
- TABLE SHOWING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF MEN AT PRESENT ENGAGED IN STREET-SWEEPING BY MACHINES, AND THE NUMBER THAT WOULD BE REQUIRED TO SWEEP THE SAME DISTRICTS BY HAND, TOGETHER WITH THE ANNUAL AMOUNT OF WAGES ACCRUING TO EACH.
- TABLE SHOWING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF CONTRACTORS’ MEN AT PRESENT EMPLOYED TO SWEEP THE STREETS BY HAND, AND THE NUMBER THAT WOULD BE REQUIRED TO SWEEP THE SAME DISTRICTS BY MACHINE WORK, TOGETHER WITH THE AMOUNT OF WAGES ACCRUING TO EACH.
- Capital of Street-Sweeping Machine Trade.
- Yearly Expenditure.
- Yearly Receipts.
- Of the Cleansing of the Streets by Pauper Labour.
- Of the Street-Orderlies.
- EMPLOYMENT OF STREET-ORDERLIES.
- “Present Annual Expense of Cleansing St. James’s Parish:—
- “Annual Expense of Street-Orderly System:—
- “Expenses by Machinery in St. Martin’s Parish.
- “Expenditure by the Employment of Street-Orderlies.
- “Expenses of Cleansing and Watering the Streets, &c., of the City of London, on the old system of Scavaging, from June, 1845, to June, 1846.
- “Balance Sheet.
- Street-Orderlies.—City Surveyor’s Report.
- TABLE SHOWING THE COST OF STREET CLEANSING AND DUSTING WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF THE CITY COURT OF SEWERS.
- Of the “Jet and Hose” System of Scavaging.
- Of the Cost and Traffic of the Streets of London.
- Street Improvements forming New Thoroughfares.
- Improving existing Thoroughfares.
- Paving.
- Of the Rubbish Carters.
- STREET TRAFFIC. TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES AND HORSES PASSING THROUGH CERTAIN THOROUGHFARES WITHIN THE CITY OF LONDON, BETWEEN THE HOURS OF 8 A.M. AND 8 P.M., UPON CERTAIN DAYS DURING THE YEAR 1850.
- TABLE SHOWING TOTALS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF VEHICLE PASSING PER HOUR AND PER DAY OF 12 HOURS THROUGH CERTAIN STREETS WITHIN THE CITY OF LONDON.
- TABLE SHOWING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF EACH DESCRIPTION OF VEHICLE PASSING THROUGH CERTAIN STREETS WITHIN THE CITY OF LONDON, BETWEEN THE HOURS OF 8 A.M. AND 8 P.M. (12 Hours.)
- Decrease in the Number of Houses throughout London between 1841 and 1851.
- The Number of Houses Built throughout London between 1841 and 1851.
- Rubbish shoots.
- TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF OPERATIVE RUBBISH-CARTERS EMPLOYED THROUGHOUT LONDON, THE WAGES RECEIVED BY THEM, THE NUMBER OF WEEKS THEY ARE EMPLOYED, AS WELL AS THE QUANTITY OF RUBBISH REMOVED BY THEM IN THE COURSE OF THE YEAR.
- Of Casual Labour in General, and that of the Rubbish-Carters in Particular.
- INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF ENGLAND AND WALES.
- INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF SCOTLAND.
- INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF IRELAND.
- INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
- TABLE SHOWING THE INCREASE IN THE PRODUCTIONS AND COMMERCE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, FROM 1801-1850.
- Amount of the Property and Income of Great Britain.
- TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PAUPERS IN ENGLAND AND WALES.[53]
- TABLE SHOWING THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CRIMINALS IN ENGLAND AND WALES FROM 1805-1850.
- Of the Casual Labourers among the Rubbish-Carters.
- The Effects of Casual Labour in General.
- Of the Scurf Trade among the Rubbish-Carters.
- Of the London Chimney-Sweepers.
- TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF HOUSES, AT DIFFERENT AVERAGE RENTALS, THROUGHOUT THE METROPOLIS.
- Of the Sweepers of Old, and the Climbing Boys.
- Expenditure of Master Chimney-Sweepers under the Climbing-Boy System.
- Yearly Receipts of the Master Sweepers under the Climbing-Boy System.
- Of the Chimney-Sweepers of the Present Day.
- WAGES PAID TO THE OPERATIVE SWEEPERS OF LONDON.
- Yearly Expenditure of the Master-Sweepers.
- Of the General Characteristics of the Working Chimney-Sweepers.
- A TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MASTER CHIMNEY SWEEPERS RESIDING IN THE SEVERAL DISTRICTS OF THE METROPOLIS, THE NUMBER OF FOREMEN, OF JOURNEYMEN, AND UNDER JOURNEYMEN EMPLOYED IN EACH DISTRICT DURING THE YEAR, AS WELL AS THE WEEKLY WAGES OF EACH CLASS.
- Sweeping of the Chimneys of Steam-Vessels.
- Of the “Ramoneur” Company.
- Of the Brisk and Slack Seasons, and the Casual Trade among the Chimney-Sweepers.
- Of the “Leeks” among the Chimney-Sweepers.
- Of the Inferior Chimney-Sweepers—the “Knullers” and “Queriers.”
- Of the Fires of London.
- ABSTRACT OF CAUSES OF FIRE IN THE METROPOLIS, from 1833 to 1849, inclusive.
- TABULAR EPITOME OF METROPOLITAN FIRES, FROM 1833 to 1849.
- Of the Sewermen and Nightmen of London.
- Of the Wet House-Refuse of London.
- The Gross Quantity of the Wet House-Refuse of the Metropolis.
- Wet House-Refuse of the Metropolis.
- Of the Means of Removing the Wet House-refuse.
- Of the Quantity of Metropolitan Sewage.
- Of Ancient Sewers.
- Of the Kinds and Characteristics of Sewers.
- Of the Subterranean Character of the Sewers.
- Of the House-Drainage of the Metropolis as connected with the Sewers.
- Water-closet Apparatus, &c.
- Of the London Street-Drains.
- Of the Length of the London Sewers and Drains.
- Of the Cost of Constructing the Sewers and Drains of the Metropolis.
- Gross Estimate of the Cost of the Sewers and Drains of the Metropolis.
- Of the Uses of Sewers as a Means of Subsoil Drainage.
- Of the City Sewerage.
- Of the Outlets, Ramifications, etc., of the Sewers.
- Of the Qualities, etc., of the Sewage.
- Of the New Plan of Sewerage.
- Of the Management of the Sewers and the late Commissions.
- Of the Powers and Authority of the present Commissions of Sewers.
- Of the Sewers Rate.
- I. RATES.
- II. TOLLS, DUES, AND FEES.
- RETURN OF THE COST OF MANAGEMENT PER ANNUM ON THE TOTAL RATEABLE ANNUAL VALUE OF THE DISTRICTS.
- Of the Cleansing of the Sewers—Ventilation.
- Of “Flushing” and “Plonging,” and other Modes of Washing the Sewers.
- “Table No. I.
- “Table No. II.
- Of the Working Flushermen.
- TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRICTS UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF SEWERS; ALSO THE NUMBER AND SALARIES OF THE CLERKS OF THE WORKS, ASSISTANT CLERKS OF THE WORKS, AND INSPECTORS OF FLUSHING, PAID BY THE COMMISSIONERS, AND THE NUMBER AND WAGES PAID TO THE FLUSHERMEN BY THE GENERAL CONTRACTORS.
- Of the Rats in the Sewers.
- Of the Cesspoolage and Nightmen of the Metropolis.
- “House-Drainage of the City.
- RESULTS OF A HOUSE-TO-HOUSE INQUIRY IN THE PARISHES OF ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, SOUTHWARK, ST. ANNE’S, SOHO, AND ST. JAMES’S, AS TO THE STATE OF THE WORKS OF WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE.
- Of the Cesspool System of London.
- Of the Cesspool and Sewer System of Paris.
- Of the Emptying of the London Cesspools by Pump and Hose.
- Statement of a Cesspool-Sewerman.
- Of the Present Disposal of the Night-Soil.
- Of the Working Nightmen and the Mode of Work.
- TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MASTER-SWEEPS, DUST, AND OTHER CONTRACTORS, AND MASTER-BRICKLAYERS, THROUGHOUT THE METROPOLIS, ENGAGED IN NIGHT-WORK, AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF CESSPOOLS EMPTIED, AND QUANTITY OF SOIL COLLECTED YEARLY. ALSO THE PRICE PAID TO EACH OPERATIVE PER LOAD, OR PER NIGHT, AND THE TOTAL AMOUNT ANNUALLY PAID TO THE MASTER-NIGHTMEN.
- DUST AND OTHER CONTRACTORS ENGAGED AS NIGHTMEN.
- MASTER-BRICKLAYERS ENGAGED AS NIGHTMEN.
- SUMMARY OF THE ABOVE TABLE.
- A TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF REFUSE BOUGHT, COLLECTED, OR FOUND, IN THE STREETS OF LONDON.
- CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
- I.—OF THE ADULT CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
- 1. The Able-Bodied Male Crossing-Sweepers.
- 2. The Able-bodied Female Crossing-Sweepers.
- 3. The Able-bodied Irish Crossing-Sweeper.
- 4. The Occasional Crossing-Sweepers.
- B. The Afflicted Crossing-Sweepers.
- II.—JUVENILE CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
- A. The Boy Crossing-Sweepers.
- B. The Girl Crossing-Sweepers.
- INDEX.
- FOOTNOTES
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