Psychology
★3.6/5
Listen FreeFree AI audiobook with natural voice. No signup required.
About This Book
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute th...
Chapters (352)(click to expand)
- Header 1
- Header 2
- Header 3
- Header 4
- PSYCHOLOGY
- A STUDY OF MENTAL LIFE
- PREFACE
- CONTENTS
- PSYCHOLOGY
- CHAPTER I WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS AND DOES
- THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE SCIENCE, ITS PROBLEMS AND ITS METHODS
- Varieties of Psychology
- Differential psychology.
- Applied psychology.
- General psychology.
- Psychology as Related to Other Sciences
- Psychology and sociology.
- Psychology and biology.
- Psychology and physiology.
- The Science of Consciousness
- The Science of Behavior
- Introspection
- Objective Observation
- General Laws of Psychological Investigation.
- Summary and Attempt at a Definition
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER II REACTIONS
- REFLEXES AND OTHER ELEMENTARY FORMS OF REACTION, AND HOW THE NERVES OPERATE IN CARRYING THEM OUT
- The Reaction Time Experiment
- Reflex Action
- The Nerves in Reflex Action
- Internal Construction of the Nerves and Nerve Centers
- The Synapse
- COÖRDINATION
- Reactions in General
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER III REACTIONS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS
- HOW SENSATIONS, PERCEPTIONS AND THOUGHTS MAY BE CONSIDERED AS FORMS OF INNER RESPONSE, AND HOW THESE HIGHER REACTIONS ARE RELATED IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE SIMPLER RESPONSES OF THE REFLEX LEVEL.
- Different Sorts of Stimuli
- The Motor Centers, Lower and Higher
- How The Brain Produces Muscular Movements
- Facilitation and Inhibition
- Super-motor Centers in the Cortex
- Speech Centers
- The Auditory Centers
- The Visual Centers
- Cortical Centers for the Other Senses
- Lower Sensory Centers
- The Cerebellum
- Different Levels of Reaction
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER IV TENDENCIES TO REACTION
- HOW MOTIVES INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR, AND HOW THEY FIT INTO A PSYCHOLOGY WHICH SEEKS TO ANALYZE BEHAVIOR INTO REACTIONS.
- Purposive Behavior
- Organic States that Influence Behavior
- Preparation for Action
- Preparatory Reactions
- What the Preparatory Reactions Accomplish
- What a Tendency Is, in Terms of Nerve Action
- Motives
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER V NATIVE AND ACQUIRED TRAITS
- SOME RESPONSES ARE PROVIDED BY NATURE, WHILE OTHERS HAVE TO BE LEARNED BY EXPERIENCE
- The Source of Native Traits
- Reactions Appearing at Birth Must Be Native
- Reactions That Cannot Be Learned Must Be Native
- Experimental Detection of Native Reactions
- Is Walking Native or Acquired?
- Universality as a Criterion of Native Reactions
- Some Native Traits Are Far from Being Universal
- Why Acquired Traits Differ from One Individual to Another
- What Mental Traits Are Native?
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER VI INSTINCT
- CONDUCT AS DETERMINED BY NATIVE REACTION-TENDENCIES
- The Difference Between an Instinct and a Reflex
- An Instinct Is a Native Reaction-Tendency
- Fully and Partially Organized Instincts
- Instincts Are Not Ancestral Habits
- Instincts Not Necessarily Useful in the Struggle for Existence
- The So-called Instincts of Self-preservation and of Reproduction
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER VII EMOTION
- VARIOUS ORGANIC STATES, AND THE CONSCIOUS STATES THAT GO WITH THEM
- Organic States That Are Not Usually Classed as Emotions
- How These Organic States Differ from Regular Emotions
- The Organic State in Anger
- Glandular Responses During Emotion
- The Nerves Concerned in Internal Emotional Response
- The Emotional State as a Preparatory Reaction
- "Expressive Movements," Another Sort of Preparatory Reactions
- Do Sensations of These Various Preparatory Reactions Constitute the Conscious State of Emotion?
- The James-Lange Theory of the Emotions
- Emotion and Impulse
- Emotion Sometimes Generates Impulse
- Emotion and Instinct
- The Higher Emotions
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER VIII INVENTORY OF HUMAN INSTINCTS AND PRIMARY EMOTIONS
- A LIST OF THE NATIVE STOCK OF TENDENCIES AND OF THE EMOTIONS THAT SOMETIMES GO WITH THEM.
- Classification
- Responses to Organic Needs
- Instincts connected with hunger.
- Breathing and air-getting.
- Responses to heat and cold.
- Shrinking from injury.
- Crying.
- Fatigue, rest and sleep.
- Instinctive Responses to Other Persons
- The herd instinct or gregarious instinct.
- The mating instinct.
- The parental or mothering instinct.
- The Play Instincts
- Playful activity.
- Locomotion.
- Vocalization.
- Manipulation.
- Exploration or curiosity.
- Tendencies running counter to exploration and manipulation.
- Laughter.
- Fighting.
- Self-assertion.
- Submission.
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER IX THE FEELINGS
- PLEASANTNESS AND UNPLEASANTNESS, AND OTHER STATES OF FEELINGS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON BEHAVIOR
- Pleasantness and Unpleasantness Are Simple Feelings
- Feeling-Tone of Sensations
- Theories of Feelings
- Sources of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness
- Primary Likes and Dislikes
- Other Proposed Elementary Feelings
- Wundt's tri-dimensional theory of feeling.
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER X SENSATION
- AN INVENTORY OF THE ELEMENTARY SENSATIONS OF THE DIFFERENT SENSES
- The Sense Organs
- Accessory sense-apparatus.
- Analysis of Sensations
- The Skin Senses
- The Sense of Taste
- The Sense of Smell
- Organic Sensation
- The Sense of Sight
- Simpler Forms of the Color Sense
- Visual Sensations as Related to the Stimulus
- Color Mixing
- What Are the Elementary Visual Sensations?
- Theories of Color Vision
- Adaptation
- Rod and Cone Vision
- After-Images
- Contrast
- The Sense of Hearing
- Comparison of Sight and Hearing
- Theory of Hearing
- Senses of Bodily Movement
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XI ATTENTION
- HOW WE ATTEND, TO WHAT, AND WITH WHAT RESULTS
- The Stimulus, or What Attracts Attention
- The Motor Reaction in Attention
- The Shifting of Attention
- Laws of Attention and Laws of Reaction in General
- Sustained Attention
- Distraction
- Doing Two Things at Once
- The Span of Attention
- Summary of the Laws of Attention
- Attention and Degree of Consciousness
- The Management of Attention
- Theory of Attention
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XII INTELLIGENCE
- HOW INTELLIGENCE IS MEASURED, WHAT IT CONSISTS IN AND EVIDENCE OF ITS BEING LARGELY A MATTER OF HEREDITY
- Intelligence Tests
- Performance Tests
- Group Testing
- Some Results of the Intelligence Tests
- Limitations of the Intelligence Tests
- The Correlation of Abilities
- General Factors in Intelligence
- Special Aptitudes
- Heredity of Intelligence and of Special Aptitudes
- Intelligence and the Brain
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XIII LEARNING AND HABIT FORMATION
- THE DEPENDENCE OF ACQUIRED REACTIONS UPON INSTINCT AND REFLEX ACTION, AND THE MODIFICATION OF NATIVE REACTIONS BY EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING.
- Acquired Reactions Are Modified Native Reactions
- Acquired Tendencies
- Animal Learning
- The negative adaptation experiment.
- The conditioned reflex experiment.
- The signal experiment.
- The maze experiment.
- The puzzle-box experiment.
- Summary of Animal Learning
- Human Learning
- Human Compared With Animal Learning
- Learning by Observation
- The Learning of Complex Practical Performances
- Higher Units and Overlapping
- Moderate Skill Acquired in the Ordinary Day's Work
- Habit
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XIV MEMORY
- HOW WE MEMORIZE AND REMEMBER, AND IN WHAT RESPECTS MEMORY CAN BE MANAGED AND IMPROVED
- The Process of Memorizing
- Short-circuiting.
- Economy in Memorizing
- The value of recitation in memorizing.
- Spaced and unspaced repetition.
- Whole versus part learning.
- Unintentional Learning
- Retention
- Recall
- Difficulties in recall.
- Helps in recall.
- Recognition
- Recognition described in terms of stimulus and response.
- Memory Training
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XV ASSOCIATION AND MENTAL IMAGERY
- SOMETHING ABOUT THINKING AS RELATED TO MEMORY
- What Can Be Recalled
- Memory Images
- Limitations of Imagery
- The Question of Non-Sensory Recall
- Hallucinations
- Synesthesia.
- Free Association
- Controlled Association
- Examples of Controlled Association
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XVI THE LAWS OF ASSOCIATION
- AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE THE LEARNING PROCESS TO ITS ELEMENTS
- The Law of Exercise
- The Law of Effect
- Limitations of the Law of Exercise
- Association by Similarity
- Association by Contiguity
- The Law of Combination
- I. SUBSTITUTE STIMULUS EXPLAINED BY THE LAW OF COMBINATION
- 1. Conditioned reflex.
- 2. Learning the names of things.
- 1. Observed grouping or relationship.
- 2. Response by analogy and association by similarity.
- II. SUBSTITUTE RESPONSE EXPLAINED BY THE LAW OF COMBINATION
- C. Substitute Response, but not in Itself a New Response
- 1. Trial and error.
- 2. Learning to balance on a bicycle.
- D. Substitute Response, the Response Being a Higher Motor Unit
- 1. The brake and clutch combination in driving an automobile.
- 2. The word-habit in typewriting
- The Law of Combination in Recall
- The Laws of Learning in Terms of the Neurone
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XVII PERCEPTION
- MENTAL LIFE CONSISTS LARGELY IN THE DISCOVERY OF FACTS NEW TO THE INDIVIDUAL, AND IN THE RE-DISCOVERY OF FACTS PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED
- Some Definitions
- The Difference Between Perception and Sensation
- Perception and Image
- Perception and Motor Reaction
- What Sort of Response, Then, Is Perception?
- Practised Perception
- Corrected Perception
- Sensory Data Serving as Signs of Various Sorts of Fact
- The Perception of Space
- Esthetic Perception
- Social Perception
- Errors of Perception
- Illusions
- 1. Illusions due to peculiarities of the sense organs.
- 2. Illusions due to preoccupation or mental set.
- 3. Illusions of the response-by-analogy type.
- 4. Illusions due to imperfect isolation of the fact to be perceived.
- The Müller-Lyer Illusion
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XVIII REASONING
- THE PROCESS OF MENTAL, AS DISTINGUISHED FROM MOTOR EXPLORATION
- Reasoning Culminates in Inference
- Varieties of Reasoning
- 1. Reasoning out the solution of a practical problem.
- 2. Rationalization or self-justification.
- 3. Explanation.
- 4. Application.
- 5. Doubt.
- 6. Verification.
- Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
- Psychology and Logic
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XIX IMAGINATION
- MENTAL AS DISTINGUISHED FROM MOTOR MANIPULATION
- Beginnings of Imagination in the Child
- Preliminary Definition of Imagination
- Play
- The Play Motives
- Empathy
- Day Dreams
- Worry
- Dreams
- Freud's Theory of Dreams
- Autistic Thinking
- Invention and Criticism
- The Enjoyment of Imaginative Art
- The appeal of art is partly emotional.
- Art makes also an intellectual appeal.
- Empathy in art enjoyment.
- The Psychology of Inventive Production
- Imagination Considered in General
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XX WILL
- PLANNED ACTION, ACTION IN SPITE OF INTERNAL CONFLICT, AND ACTION AGAINST EXTERNAL OBSTRUCTION
- Voluntary and Involuntary Action
- Development of Voluntary Control
- Ideomotor Action
- Conflict and Decision
- Obstruction and Effort
- Thought and Action
- Securing Action
- The Influence of Suggestion
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER XXI PERSONALITY
- THE INDIVIDUAL AS A WHOLE, INTEGRATED OR PARTIALLY DISSOCIATED
- Factors in Personality
- The Self
- Integration and Disintegration of the Personality
- The Unconscious, or, the Subconscious Mind
- Unconscious Wishes and Motives
- EXERCISES
- REFERENCES
- INDEX
How to Listen
- 1. Click "Listen Free" above
- 2. The book opens in CastReader's browser reader
- 3. Click the play button — AI narration starts with word highlighting
- 4. Use "Send to Phone" to continue listening on your phone
You Might Also Like
FAQ
Is this audiobook really free?
Yes. "Psychology" is a public domain work from Project Gutenberg. CastReader converts it to audio using AI text-to-speech for free. No account or payment needed.
What does the AI voice sound like?
CastReader uses Kokoro TTS, a natural-sounding AI voice. It handles punctuation, names, and dialogue naturally. Most listeners forget it's AI after a few minutes.
Can I listen on my phone?
Yes. Open the book, then use "Send to Phone" to stream audio to your phone via Telegram. No app download needed.