The Making of Species
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About This Book
Post-Darwinian books on evolution fall naturally into four classes. I. Those which preach Wallaceism, as, for example, Wallace’s Darwinism, Poulton’s Essays on Evolution, and the voluminous works of Weismann. II. Those advocating Lamarckism. Cope’s Factors of Evolution and the writings of Haeckel belong to this class. III. The writings of De Vries, forming a group by themselves. They advocate the theory that species spring suddenly into being; that new species arise by mutations from pre-existing species. IV. The large number of books of a more judicial nature, books written by men who decline...
Chapters (189)(click to expand)
- THE MAKING OF SPECIES
- PREFACE
- CONTENTS
- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
- THE MAKING OF SPECIES
- CHAPTER I RISE OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION AND ITS SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT
- Strength of Darwin’s Position
- Opponents of Darwin
- Evolution and Natural Selection
- Huxley
- Growing Opposition to Darwinism
- The Neo-Lamarckian School
- Orr’s Views
- Inheritance of Acquired Characters
- The Wallaceian School
- Complexity of the Problem
- The Aim of the Biologist
- CHAPTER II SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
- Theory of Natural Selection
- Various Anti-Darwinian Views
- Darwinism does not explain Variation
- Theory of Change of Function
- Correlation
- Missing Links
- Recurrent Mutations
- Leaf-butterflies
- A Dilemma
- The Effects of Chance
- The Origin of Mimicry
- CHAPTER III VARIATION
- Nature of Variation
- Definite and Indefinite Variability
- Monstrosities
- Minute Variations
- Lines of Variation
- Breeders’ Boasts
- Albinistic Variations
- Over-development
- Speed of Racehorses
- Experiments of De Vries
- Bateson on Variation
- Work of Bateson and De Vries
- Varieties and Elementary Species
- Mutations
- Law of Regression
- De Vries’s Dictum
- Mutating Plants
- Mutation Theory Criticised
- Definition of a Species
- “Scatliff Strain” of Turbit
- Mutations among Animals
- Mutations among Birds
- Color Mutations
- Mutations among Invertebrates
- Mutating Species
- Somatic and Germinal Variations
- Somatic Variations
- CHAPTER IV HYBRIDISM
- Alleged Sterility of Hybrids
- Fertile Hybrids
- A Biological Bogey
- Fertile Crosses between Species of Plants
- Sterile Plant Hybrids
- Fertile Mammalian Hybrids
- Fertile Bird Hybrids
- Fertile Hybrids among Amphibia
- Insects
- Limits to the Possibilities of Hybridisation
- Characters of Hybrids
- Wild Hybrids
- CHAPTER V INHERITANCE
- Phenomena of Inheritance
- Existing Theories Unsatisfactory
- Types of Crosses
- Mendel’s Experiments
- Mendelism
- Maturation of the Germ-cells
- Experiments of Delage and Loeb
- Experiments of Cuénot and Castle
- Unit Characters
- Chemical Molecules
- Experiments of Gräfin von Linden
- Biological Isomerism
- Biological Molecules
- Phenomenon of Sex
- Struggle for Nourishment
- Origin of Mutations
- CHAPTER VI THE COLOURATION OF ORGANISMS
- Robinson on Protective Colouring
- Cryptic Colouring
- Warning Colouration
- Batesian Mimicry
- Examples of Mimicry
- Müllerian Mimicry
- Danger Signals
- Obliterative Colouring
- Objections to the Theory of Cryptic Colouring
- Fauna of Polar Regions
- Pelagic Organisms
- Unimportance of Colour
- Gadow on Coral Snakes
- F. C. Selous Quoted
- Sexual Dimorphism
- Precis Artexia
- Striped Caterpillars
- Colours of Eggs
- Eyesight of Birds
- The Theory of Warning Colouration
- Examples of Warning Colouration
- Warning Colouring a Drawback
- Conspicuous Animals Attacked
- Aposematic Sounds
- Intimidating Attitudes
- Mimicry
- Theory of Protective Mimicry
- Evidence for the Theory
- Alternative Theories
- Objections to the Theory that the so-called Cases of Mimicry owe their Origin to Natural Selection
- The Brain-fever Bird
- Hypertely
- Birds capturing Butterflies
- Observing-powers of Birds
- “False” Mimicry among Mammals
- False Batesian Mimicry among Birds
- Theory of Mimicry Criticised
- “Recognition” Colours
- Interbreeding of Allied Species
- Symmetry in Nature
- The Colouring of Flowers and Fruits
- Cross- versus Self-fertilisation
- Insects and Flowers
- Honey
- Scents of Flowers
- Kay Robinson’s Theory
- Accepted Theories Unsatisfactory
- White Down of Nestlings
- Cranes
- Magpie Colouring
- Albinos
- Biological Molecules and Colour
- Mr Tylor Quoted
- Pœcilomeres
- Biological Molecules
- CHAPTER VII SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
- Theory of Sexual Selection
- The Law of Battle
- Selection by Females
- Male Attractiveness
- Pearson’s Investigations
- Finn’s Experiments
- Display of Undecorated Cocks
- Plumage of Herons
- Sexual Dissimilarity
- Wallace’s Explanation of Sexual Dissimilarity
- Wallace’s Theory Criticised
- The Theory of Thomson and Geddes
- Stolzmann’s Theory
- Neo-Lamarckian Explanation
- Cunningham’s Theory
- Existing Theories not Satisfactory
- Hormones
- Eye-colour, Comb, and Spurs
- The Four Kinds of Mutations
- Unilateral Transmission
- Greater Value of Females
- CHAPTER VIII THE FACTORS OF EVOLUTION
- The Struggle for Existence
- Checks on Increase
- Attributes of Successful Species
- Correlation
- Isolation
- Divergence of Character
- Isolation
- Discriminate Isolation
- Indiscriminate Isolation
- Mollusca of Sandwich Isles
- Local Species
- Cormorants
- Natural Selection
- Origin of the Fittest
- FOOTNOTES
- INDEX
- ORNITHOLOGICAL AND OTHER ODDITIES
- BOMBAY DUCKS
- BIRDS OF THE PLAINS
- NOTICE
- LIVING MASTERS OF MUSIC
- STARS OF THE STAGE
- A CATALOGUE OF MEMOIRS, BIOGRAPHIES, ETC. WORKS UPON NAPOLEON
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