The Industrial History of England
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Chapters (251)
- THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND
- PREFACE
- PREFACE TO THE EIGHTEENTH EDITION
- CONTENTS
- LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS
- PERIOD I ENGLAND BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST
- CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY—THE ROMANS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS—TRADE
- § 1.
- § 2. Trade in the Anglo-Saxon period
- § 3. Internal Trade. Money
- § 4. Foreign Trade
- § 5. General Summary
- CHAPTER II THE LAND: ITS OWNERS AND CULTIVATORS
- § 1. The Mark
- § 2. The Manor
- § 3. Combined Agriculture
- § 4. The Feudal System
- PERIOD II FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST TO THE REIGN OF HENRY III. (A.D. 1066–1216)
- CHAPTER I DOMESDAY BOOK AND THE MANORS
- § 1. Domesday Book
- § 2. Economic condition of the country as shown in Domesday
- § 3. The Manors and their owners
- § 4. The inhabitants of the manors
- § 5. The condition of these inhabitants
- § 6. Services due to the lord from his tenants in villeinage
- § 7. Money payments and rents
- § 8. Free Tenants. Soke-men
- § 9. Illustrations of old manors. (1) Estone
- § 10. Cuxham Manor in the eleventh and thirteenth centuries
- § 11. Description of a manor village
- § 12. The kinds of land in a manor
- CHAPTER II THE TOWNS AND THE GILDS
- § 1. The origin of towns
- § 2. Rise of towns in England
- § 3. Towns in Domesday: London
- § 4. Special privileges of towns
- § 5. How the towns obtained their charters
- § 6. The gilds and the towns. Various kinds of gilds
- § 7. How the Merchant Gilds helped the growth of towns
- § 8. How the Craft Gilds helped industry
- § 9. Life in the towns of this time
- CHAPTER III MANUFACTURES AND TRADE: ELEVENTH TO THIRTEENTH CENTURIES
- § 1. Economic effects of the Feudal System
- § 2. Foreign Trade. The Crusades
- § 3. The trading clauses in the Great Charter
- § 4. The Jews in England: their economic position
- § 5. Manufactures in this period: Flemish weavers
- § 6. Economic appearance of England in this Period. Population
- § 7. General condition of the Period
- PERIOD III FROM THE THIRTEENTH TO THE END OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, INCLUDING THE GREAT PLAGUE (1216–1500)
- CHAPTER I AGRICULTURE IN MEDIÆVAL ENGLAND
- § 1. Introductory. Rise of a wage-earning class
- § 2. Agriculture the chief occupation of the people
- § 3. Methods of cultivation. The capitalist landlord and his bailiff. The “stock and land” lease
- § 4. The tenant’s communal land and closes
- § 5. Ploughing
- § 6. Stock, Pigs and Poultry
- § 7. Sheep
- § 8. Increase of sheep farming
- § 9. Consequent increase of enclosures
- CHAPTER II THE WOOLLEN TRADE AND MANUFACTURES
- § 1. England’s monopoly of wool
- § 2. Wool and Politics
- § 3. Prices and brands of English wool
- § 4. English manufactures
- § 5. Foreign manufacture of fine goods
- § 6. Flemish settlers teach the English weavers. Norwich
- § 7. The worsted industry
- § 8. Gilds in the cloth trade
- § 9. The dyeing of cloth
- § 10. The great transition in English industry
- § 11. The manufacturing class and politics
- CHAPTER III THE TOWNS, INDUSTRIAL VILLAGES, AND FAIRS
- § 1. The chief manufacturing towns
- § 2. Staple towns and the merchants
- § 3. Markets
- § 4. The great fairs
- § 5. The fairs of Winchester and Stourbridge
- § 6. English mediæval ports
- § 7. The temporary decay of manufacturing towns
- § 8. Growth of industrial villages. The germs of the modern factory system
- CHAPTER IV THE GREAT PLAGUE AND ITS ECONOMIC EFFECTS
- § 1. Material progress of the country
- § 2. Social changes. The villeins and wage-paid labourers
- § 3. The Famine and the Plague
- § 4. The effects of the Plague on wages
- § 5. Prices of provisions
- § 6. Effects of the Plague upon the land-owners
- § 7. Rise of the tenant farmer or yeoman class
- § 8. The emancipation of the villeins
- CHAPTER V THE PEASANTS’ REVOLT OF 1381, AND THE SUBSEQUENT PROSPERITY OF THE WORKING CLASSES
- § 1. New social doctrines
- § 2. The coming of the Friars. Wiklif
- § 3. The renewed exactions of the landlords
- § 4. The Peasants’ Revolt
- § 5. The Condition of the English labourer
- § 6. Drawbacks
- § 7. The close of the Middle Ages
- PERIOD IV FROM THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY TO THE EVE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1509–1760)
- CHAPTER I THE MISDEEDS OF HENRY VIII., AND ECONOMIC CHANGES IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
- § 1. Henry VIII.’s wastefulness
- § 2. The dissolution of the monasteries
- § 3. Results of the suppression
- § 4. The issuing of base coin
- § 5. The confiscation of the gild lands
- § 6. The agrarian situation
- § 7. Other economic changes
- § 8. Summary of the changes of the sixteenth century
- CHAPTER II THE GROWTH OF FOREIGN TRADE
- § 1. The expansion of commerce. The new spirit
- § 2. Foreign trade in the fifteenth century
- § 3. The Venetian fleet
- § 4. The Hanseatic League’s station in London
- § 5. Our trade with Flanders. Antwerp in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
- § 6. The decay of Antwerp and rise of London as the Western emporium
- § 7. The merchants and sea-captains of the Elizabethan age in the New World
- § 8. Remarks on the signs and causes of the expansion of trade
- CHAPTER III ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND
- § 1. Prosperity and pauperism
- § 2. The growth of manufactures
- § 3. Monopolies of manufacturing towns
- § 4. Our exports of manufactures
- § 5. The Flemish immigration in this reign
- § 6. Agriculture
- § 7. Social comforts
- § 8. The condition of the labourers
- § 9. Assessment of wages by justices. The first Poor Law
- § 10. Population
- CHAPTER IV PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
- § 1. Résumé of progress since thirteenth century
- § 2. Progress in James I.’s reign. Influence of landlords
- § 3. Writers on agriculture. Improvements. Game
- § 4. Drainage of the fens
- § 5. Rise of price of corn, and of rent
- § 6. Special features of the eighteenth century. Popularity of agriculture
- § 7. Improvements of cattle, and in the productiveness of land. Statistics
- § 8. Wrong done to small land-owners by the Statute of Frauds
- § 9. Causes of the decay of the yeomanry
- § 10. Great increase of enclosures
- § 11. Benefits of enclosures as compared with the old common fields
- § 12. The rise in rent
- § 13. The fall in wages
- CHAPTER V COMMERCE AND WAR IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
- § 1. England a commercial power
- § 2. The beginnings of the struggle with Spain
- § 3. Cromwell’s commercial wars
- § 4. The wars of William III. and of Anne
- § 5. Expansion of English trade after these wars
- § 6. Further wars with France and Spain
- § 7. The struggle for India
- § 8. The conquest of Canada
- § 9. Survey of commercial progress during these wars
- CHAPTER VI MANUFACTURES AND MINING
- § 1. Circumstances favourable to English manufactures
- § 2. Wool trade. Home manufactures. Dyeing
- § 3. Other influences favourable to England. The Huguenot immigration
- § 4. Distribution of the cloth trade
- § 5. Coal-mines
- § 6. Development of coal trade: seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
- § 7. The iron trade
- § 8. Pottery
- § 9. Other mining industries
- § 10. The close of the period of manual industries
- PERIOD V THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND MODERN ENGLAND
- CHAPTER I THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION
- § 1. Industry and politics. Land-owners and merchant princes
- § 2. The coming of the capitalists
- § 3. The class of small manufacturers
- § 4. The condition of the manufacturing population
- § 5. Condition of the agricultural population
- § 6. Growth of population
- § 7. England still mainly agricultural
- § 8. The domestic system of manufacture
- CHAPTER II THE EPOCH OF THE GREAT INVENTIONS
- § 1. The suddenness of the Revolution and its importance
- § 2. The great inventors
- § 3. The revolution in manufactures and the factories
- § 4. The growth of population and the development of the Northern districts
- § 5. The revolution in the mining industries
- § 6. The nation’s wealth and its wars
- CHAPTER III WARS, POLITICS, AND INDUSTRY
- § 1. England’s industrial advantages in 1763
- § 2. The mistake of the Mercantile Theory
- § 3. The loss of the American colonies
- § 4. The outbreak of the great Continental War
- § 5. Its effects upon industry, and the working classes
- § 6. Politics among the working classes
- CHAPTER IV THE FACTORY SYSTEM AND ITS RESULTS
- § 1. The results of the introduction of the factory system
- § 2. Contemporary evidence of the new order of things
- § 3. English slavery. The apprentice system
- § 4. The beginning of the factory agitation
- § 5. The various Factory Acts
- § 6. How these Acts were passed
- CHAPTER V THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASSES
- § 1. Disastrous effects of the new industrial system
- § 2. The allowance system of relief
- § 3. Restrictions upon labour
- § 4. Growth of Trade Unions
- § 5. The working classes fifty years ago
- § 6. Wages
- CHAPTER VI THE RISE AND DEPRESSION OF MODERN AGRICULTURE
- § 1. Services rendered by the great land-owners
- § 2. The stimulus caused by the Bounties
- § 3. Agricultural improvements
- § 4. The cause of the depression. The rise in rent
- § 5. The labourer and the land. Wages
- § 6. The present condition of British agriculture
- CHAPTER VII MODERN INDUSTRIAL ENGLAND
- § 1. The growth of our industry
- § 2. State of trade in 1820
- § 3. The beginnings of Free Trade
- § 4. Revolution in the means of transit
- § 5. Modern developments. Our colonies
- § 6. England and other nations’ wars
- § 7. Present difficulties. Commercial depressions
- § 8. The present capitalist system. Foreign markets
- § 9. Over-production and wages
- § 10. The power of labour. Trade Unions and Co-operation
- CHAPTER VIII THE NEW AGE, 1897–1911
- § 1. Industrial Expansion
- § 2. Wars, calamities, and the American crisis
- § 3. The increase of public expenditure
- § 4. Free Trade and Protection. The Colonies
- § 5. The position of the workers. Social legislation
- § 6. Trade Unionism and the Labour Movement
- § 7. Recent inventions and industrial developments
- § 8. The necessity of studying economic factors in history
- NOTES & INDEX
- NOTE ON AUTHORITIES FOR INDUSTRIAL HISTORY
- NOTES
- 1. Population of Roman Britain
- 2. Markets on Boundaries
- 3. Danish Influence on Commerce
- 4. Manorial Courts
- 5. Decay of Manorial System
- 6. The Jews
- 7. Commercial relations with Flanders
- 8. Other Sources of Income
- 9. Assize of Bread and Ale
- 10. Stourbridge Fair
- 11. Survivals of Villeinage
- 11a. Monopolies
- 12. Elizabeth’s Poor Law
- 13. Banking and the Stop of the Exchequer
- 14. National Debt
- 15. Export of Bullion
- 16. Important Commercial Events
- 17. Deposition of East India Company
- 18. Huskisson’s Reforms
- INDEX
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