The Economic Aspect of Geology
by C. K. Leith
★2.2/5
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Chapters (763)
- THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GEOLOGY
- C. K. LEITH
- UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
- NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
- CONTENTS
- ILLUSTRATIONS
- CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
- SURVEY OF FIELD
- ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY AND OF OTHER SCIENCES
- Mineralogy and Petrology
- Stratigraphy and Paleontology
- Structural Geology
- Physiography
- Rock Alterations or Metamorphism
- Application of Other Sciences
- TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECT IN THIS VOLUME
- CHAPTER II THE COMMON ELEMENTS, MINERALS, AND ROCKS OF THE EARTH AND THEIR ORIGINS
- RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE LITHOSPHERE
- RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL MINERALS OF THE LITHOSPHERE
- RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ROCKS OF THE LITHOSPHERE
- Soils and Clays
- Water (Hydrosphere)
- COMPARISON OF LISTS OF MOST ABUNDANT ROCKS AND MINERALS WITH COMMERCIAL ROCKS AND MINERALS
- THE ORIGIN OF COMMON ROCKS AND MINERALS
- Igneous Processes
- Weathering of Igneous Rocks and Veins
- Sedimentary Processes
- Weathering of Sedimentary Rocks
- Consolidation, Cementation, and Other Subsurface Alterations of Rocks.
- THE METAMORPHIC CYCLE AS AN AID IN STUDYING MINERAL DEPOSITS
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER III SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF THE GEOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS
- VARIOUS METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION
- NAMES
- MINERAL DEPOSITS AS MAGMATIC SEGREGATIONS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS
- MINERAL DEPOSITS WITHIN AND ADJACENT TO IGNEOUS ROCKS WHICH WERE FORMED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COOLING AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE MAGMAS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF HOT MAGMATIC SOLUTIONS.
- Evidence of Igneous Source
- Possible Influence of Meteoric Waters in Deposition of Ores of This Class
- Zonal Arrangement of Minerals Related to Igneous Rocks
- The Relation of Contact Metamorphism to Ore Bodies of the Foregoing Class.
- SECONDARY CONCENTRATION IN PLACE OF THE FOREGOING CLASSES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF SURFACE SOLUTIONS
- RESIDUAL MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED BY THE WEATHERING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS IN PLACE
- MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED DIRECTLY AS PLACERS AND SEDIMENTS
- Mechanically Deposited Minerals
- Chemically and Organically Deposited Minerals
- SEDIMENTARY MINERAL DEPOSITS WHICH HAVE REQUIRED FURTHER CONCENTRATION TO MAKE THEM COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
- ANAMORPHISM OF MINERAL DEPOSITS
- CONCLUSION
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER IV MINERAL RESOURCES—SOME GENERAL QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
- WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN SHORT TONS
- WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN TERMS OF VALUE
- SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL PRODUCTION
- THE INCREASING RATE OF PRODUCTION
- CAPITAL VALUE OF WORLD MINERAL RESERVES
- POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- RESERVES OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER V WATER AS A MINERAL RESOURCE
- GENERAL GEOLOGIC RELATIONS
- DISTRIBUTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER
- Approximate Quantity of Water which will be Absorbed by Soils and Rocks1
- MOVEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER
- WELLS AND SPRINGS
- COMPOSITION OF UNDERGROUND WATERS
- RELATION OF GEOLOGY TO UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY
- SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES
- UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATERS IN RELATION TO EXCAVATION AND CONSTRUCTION
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER VI THE COMMON ROCKS AND SOILS AS MINERAL RESOURCES
- ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS
- Granite
- Basalt and Related Types
- Limestone, Marl, Chalk
- Marble
- Sand, Sandstone, Quartzite (and Quartz)
- "Sand and Gravel"
- Clay, Shale, Slate
- The Feldspars
- Hydraulic Cement (including Portland, natural, and Puzzolan cements)
- GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS
- Building Stone
- Crushed Stone
- Stone for Metallurgical Purposes
- Clay
- Limitations of Geologic Field in Commercial Investigation Of Common Rocks
- SOILS AS A MINERAL RESOURCE
- Origin of Soils
- Composition of Soils and Plant Growth
- Use of Geology in Soil Study
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER VII THE FERTILIZER GROUP OF MINERALS
- GENERAL COMMENTS
- NITRATES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- PHOSPHATES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- PYRITE Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- SULPHUR Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- POTASH Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER VIII THE ENERGY RESOURCES—COAL, OIL, GAS (AND ASPHALT)
- COAL Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- PETROLEUM Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- OIL SHALES
- NATURAL GAS Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- ASPHALT AND BITUMEN Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER IX MINERALS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL (THE FERRO-ALLOY GROUP)
- GENERAL FEATURES
- IRON ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- MANGANESE ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- CHROME (OR CHROMITE) ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- NICKEL ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- TUNGSTEN (WOLFRAM) ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- MOLYBDENUM ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- VANADIUM ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- ZIRCONIUM ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- TITANIUM ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- MAGNESITE Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- FLUORSPAR Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- SILICA Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER X COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC MINERALS
- COPPER ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- LEAD ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- ZINC ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER XI GOLD, SILVER, AND PLATINUM MINERALS
- GOLD ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- SILVER ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- PLATINUM ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER XII MISCELLANEOUS METALLIC MINERALS
- ALUMINUM ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- ANTIMONY ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- ARSENIC ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- BISMUTH ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- CADMIUM ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- COBALT ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- MERCURY (QUICKSILVER) ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- TIN ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- URANIUM AND RADIUM ORES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- CHAPTER XIII MISCELLANEOUS NON-METALLIC MINERALS
- NATURAL ABRASIVES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- ASBESTOS Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- BARITE (BARYTES) Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- BORAX Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- BROMINE Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- FULLER'S EARTH Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- GRAPHITE (PLUMBAGO) Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- GYPSUM Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- MICA Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- MONAZITE (THORIUM AND CERIUM ORES) Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- PRECIOUS STONES Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- SALT Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- TALC AND SOAPSTONE Economic Features
- Geologic Features
- CHAPTER XIV EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT
- The General Relations of the Geologist To Exploration And Development
- Partly Explored Versus Virgin Territories
- The Use of All Available Information
- Coöperation in Exploration
- Economic Factors in Exploration
- Geologic Factors in Exploration
- Mineral Provinces and Epochs
- Classification of Mineral Lands
- Outcrops of Mineral Deposits
- Some Illustrative Cases
- Topography and Climate As Aids in Searching for Mineral Outcrops
- Size and Depth of Ore Bodies As Determined From Outcrop
- The Use of Placers in Tracing Mineral Outcrops
- The Use of Magnetic Surveys in Tracing Mineral Ledges
- The Use of Electrical Conductivity and Other Qualities Of Rocks in Exploration
- The Use of Structure and Metamorphism in Exploration
- Drilling in Exploration
- Quantitative Aspects of Geologic Exploration
- Origin of Mineral Deposits As a Factor in Exploration
- Lake Superior Iron Ore Exploration As an Illustration
- Development and Exploitation of Mineral Deposits
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER XV VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- POPULAR CONCEPTION OF MINERAL VALUATION
- VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINES Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Valuation
- Values of Mineral Deposits Not Often Established By Market Transfers
- The Ad Valorem Method of Valuation
- Other Methods of Mineral Valuation and Taxation
- GENERAL COMMENTS ON TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- CHAPTER XVI LAWS RELATING TO MINERAL RESOURCES
- I LAWS RELATING TO OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- On Alienated Lands
- On the Public Domain
- Nationalization of Mineral Resources
- Effect of Ownership Laws on Exploration
- Use of Geology in Relation To Ownership Laws
- II LAWS RELATING TO EXTRACTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- III LAWS RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- IV OTHER RELATIONS OF GEOLOGY TO LAW
- CHAPTER XVII CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- THE PROBLEM
- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC EFFORTS IN CONSERVATION
- THE INTEREST RATE AS A GUIDE IN CONSERVATION
- ANTI-CONSERVATIONAL EFFECTS OF WAR
- CONSERVATION OF COAL
- Measures Introduced or Proposed to Conserve Coal
- Division of Responsibility Between Government and Private Interests in the Conservation of Coal
- CONSERVATION OF MINERALS OTHER THAN COAL
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER XVIII INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- WORLD MOVEMENT OF MINERALS
- Movement of Minerals Under Pre-war Conditions of International Trade
- Changes During the War
- Post-war Condition of the Mineral Trade
- TENDENCIES TOWARD INTERNATIONAL COÖPERATION AND POSSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CONTROL[59] OF MINERALS
- Methods of International Coöperation
- CONSERVATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
- EXPLORATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
- VALUATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
- RELATIVE POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES IN REGARD TO SUPPLIES OF MINERALS
- THE COAL AND IRON SITUATION OF WESTERN EUROPE UNDER THE TERMS OF THE PEACE TREATY
- CONCLUSION
- LITERATURE
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER XIX GEOLOGY AND WAR
- GEOLOGY BEHIND THE FRONT
- GEOLOGY AT THE FRONT[63]
- EFFECT OF THE WAR ON THE SCIENCE OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER XX GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
- FOUNDATIONS
- SURFACE WATERS
- TUNNELS
- SLIDES
- SUBSIDENCE
- RAILWAY BUILDING
- ROAD BUILDING
- GEOLOGY IN ENGINEERING COURSES
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAPTER XXI THE TRAINING, OPPORTUNITIES, AND ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST
- PURE VERSUS APPLIED SCIENCE
- COURSE OF STUDY SUGGESTED
- Field Work
- Specialization in Studies
- A Degree of Economic Geology
- THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST
- ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST
- INDEX
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