History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe
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About This Book
"History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe" by François Guizot is a seminal work regarding French and European governments during the 1800s. During this time, Europe was going through great upheavals that would change the course of history. Thanks to writers such as Guizot, modern readers are able to read first-hand experiences and opinions where there might have only been speculation. For that reason, it is extremely fortunate that this text wasn't lost to time.
Chapters (1175)
- Guizot's Representative Government.
- History Of The Origin Of Representative Government In Europe.
- Preface.
- Part I. Representative Institutions In England, France, And Spain, From The Fifth To The Eleventh Century. Lecture I.—Page 1
- Lecture II.—Page 23
- Lecture III.—Page 32
- Lecture IV.—Page 41
- Lecture V.—Page 49
- Lecture VI.—Page 55
- Lecture VII.—Page 65
- Lecture VIII.—Page 76
- Lecture IX.—Page 82
- Lecture X.—Page 86
- Lecture XI—Page 94
- Lecture XII.—Page 103
- Lecture XIII.—Page 109
- Lecture XIV.—Page 116
- Lecture XV.—Page 124
- Lecture XVI.—Page 132
- Lecture XVII.—Page 141
- Lecture XVIII.—Page 148
- Lecture XIX.—Page 154
- Lecture XX.—Page 163
- Lecture XXI.—Page 171
- Lecture XXII.—Page 177
- Lecture XXIII.—Page 193
- Lecture XXIV.—Page 206
- Lecture XXV.—Page 215
- Lecture XXVI.—Page 229
- Part II. Essays Of Representative Government In England, From The Conquest Till The Reign Of The Tudors.
- Lecture I.—Page 257
- Lecture II.—Page 270
- Lecture III.—Page 281
- Lecture IV.—Page 288
- Lecture V.—Page 295
- Lecture VI.—Page 302
- Lecture VII.—Page 308
- Lecture VIII.—Page 319
- Lecture IX.—Page 325
- Lecture X.—Page 334
- Lecture XI.—Page 350
- Lecture XII.—Page 359
- Lecture XIII.—Page 368
- Lecture XIV.—Page 377
- Lecture XV.—Page 388
- Lecture XVI.—Page 401
- Lecture XVII.—Page 418
- Lecture XVIII.—Page 425
- Lecture XIX.—Page 448
- Lecture XX.—Page 454
- Lecture XXI.—Page 463
- Lecture XXII.—Page 476
- Lecture XXIII.—Page 484
- Lecture XXIV.—Page 494
- Lecture XXV.—Page 509
- History Of The Origin Of Representative Government In Europe.
- Part I. Representative Institutions In England, France, And Spain, From The Fifth To The Eleventh Century.
- Lecture I.
- Views of History.
- Our Historical Position.
- Sources of Error.
- Disdain for the Past.
- True Value of the Past.
- Undue Veneration of Antiquity.
- Progress, the Law of Nature.
- The Duty of Impartiality.
- Value of Revolutions.
- Study of Political Institutions.
- Origin of Representative Government.
- Four Epochs in European History.
- The Feudal System
- Progress Of Monarchical Power.
- Subject Of These Lectures.
- Limits Of The Inquiry.
- Interest Of The Subject.
- Difficulty Of Attaining Truth.
- Necessity Of Hard Study.
- Characteristics Of The Present Time.
- Conclusion.
- Lecture II.
- Fall Of The Roman Empire.
- Causes Of Its Decay.
- Abandonment Of Its Colonies.
- Invasions Of The Germans.
- Foundation Of Barbarian Kingdoms.
- Power Of The Emperors.
- The Anglo-Saxons.
- Reign Of King Alfred.
- The Norman Conquest.
- Lecture III.
- Anglo-Saxon Institutions.
- Thanes And Ceorls.
- Different Classes Of Thanes.
- Their Mutual Relations.
- Freedom Of The Ceorls.
- Ceorls and Slaves.
- Local Institutions.
- Origin Of Centralization.
- Effects Of The French Revolution.
- Lecture IV.
- Local Institutions In England.
- Divisions Of The Soil.
- The County Courts.
- Origin of the Jury.
- Appointment Of Magistrates.
- The Wittenagemot.
- Its Members.
- Character of The Anglo-Saxon Monarchy.
- Lecture V.
- Business Of The Wittenagemot.
- Oversight Of The Royal Domain.
- Direction Of Ecclesiastical Affairs.
- Character Of The Wittenagemot.
- The Kingly Office.
- Duties Of The Kings.
- Lecture VI.
- Principle Of Representative Government.
- Error Of Montesquieu.
- Society And Government.
- Principle Of Government.
- Right of Sovereignty.
- True Law Of Society.
- Classification Of Governments.
- Aim Of Representative Government.
- Political Rights Of The Nation.
- Effects Of Publicity.
- Lecture VII.
- Changes In Language And Society.
- Aristocratic Government.
- Its Consequences.
- Conflict Of Good And Evil.
- Sovereignty Of The People.
- Principle Of Democracy.
- Principle Of Representative Government.
- Government Of The Majority.
- Representation And Democracy.
- Principles Of Government.
- Lecture VIII.
- Forms Of Government.
- Forms Of Representative Government.
- Problem Of Government.
- Division Of Powers.
- Election And Publicity.
- Publicity In England.
- Lecture IX.
- Origin Of The Franks.
- The Frankish Chiefs.
- Wars Of Clovis.
- Death Of Clovis.
- Lecture X.
- Successors Of Clovis.
- Partitions Of The Realm.
- Neustria And Austrasia.
- Predominance Of Neustria.
- The Mayors Of The Palace.
- Fall Of The Merovingians.
- Charles Martel.
- Pepin.
- Lecture XI.
- Tendency To Centralization.
- Tendency To Dissolution.
- Pepin The Short.
- Charlemagne.
- Louis The Debonnair.
- Charles The Bald.
- The Normans.
- Tendency To Dissolution.
- Formation And Dissolution.
- Lecture XII.
- Primitive Institutions Of The Franks.
- Views Of Hullmann.
- Condition Of Lands.
- Allodial Lands.
- Salic Land.
- Charges On Allodial Lands.
- Lecture XIII.
- Origin Of Military Service.
- Exemption Of Freeholds From Imposts.
- Distribution Of Lands.
- Beneficiary Lands.
- Private Domains Of The Kings.
- Tenure Of Benefices.
- Disputes About Benefices.
- Lecture XIV.
- Transference Of Benefices.
- The Precaria.
- Seizure Of Church Property.
- Hereditary Benefices.
- Tenure Of Benefices.
- Conditions Attached To Benefices.
- Vassalage.
- Oaths Of Fidelity.
- Lecture XV.
- Donors Of Benefices.
- Character Of Benefices.
- Tributary Lands.
- Their Rapid Increase.
- Waste Lands.
- Different Kinds Of Landed Property.
- Isolation Of Proprietors.
- Stationary Condition Of Wealth.
- Lecture XVI.
- Classification Of Persons.
- Earliest Condition Of Society.
- Principles Of Classification.
- Allodial And Beneficiary Proprietors.
- Various Classes Of Free Men.
- Test Of Social Conditions.
- The Wehrgeld
- Impossibility Of Classification.
- True Test Of Social Conditions.
- Lecture XVII.
- The Leudes Or Antrustions.
- Obligations Of The Leudes.
- Formation Of The Frankish Nobility.
- Power Of The Bishops.
- Free Men.
- Enfranchisement.
- Lecture XVIII.
- Three Systems Of Institutions.
- Decline Of Free Institutions.
- Of Local Institutions.
- Rudiments Of Feudalism.
- Dukes And Counts.
- Extension Of Seignorial Jurisdiction.
- Lecture XIX.
- Two Meanings Of Personal Liberty.
- Object Of Government.
- Origin Of Despotism.
- The Monarchy Of Charlemagne.
- Decline Of The Frankish Monarchy.
- Royalty Among The Franks.
- Fall Of The Merovingians.
- Authority And Liberty.
- Influence Of Religious Ideas.
- Lecture XX.
- National Assemblies Of The Franks.
- Letter Of Archbishop Hincmar.
- The Councils Of State.
- The Officers Of The Palace.
- The Palatines.
- The Capitularies.
- Duties Of The King.
- Policy Of Charlemagne.
- Lecture XXI.
- Decay Of National Assemblies.
- Retrospect Of Five Centuries.
- Attacks On The Feudal System.
- Character Of Feudalism.
- Influence Of Feudalism.
- Absence Of The Representative System.
- Lecture XXII.
- Laws Of The Visigoths.
- Fall Of The Roman Empire.
- State Of The Roman Colonies.
- Roman Municipal System.
- Treatment Of Conquered Towns.
- Admission To Citizenship.
- Municipal Officers.
- Constitution Of The Municipia.
- Progress Of Public Indifference.
- Growing Importance Of The Municipia.
- Dangers Of Roman Despotism.
- Burdens Of The Municipia.
- Growth Of Christianity.
- Effects Of Christianity.
- Decay Of The Municipia.
- Abolition Of The Municipal System.
- Lecture XXIII.
- Social Conditions In The Roman Empire
- The Privileged Class.
- Functions And Charges Of The Curials.
- Advantages Granted To The Curials.
- Attributes Of The Curia.
- Municipal Offices.
- The Defenders Of Cities.
- Destruction Of The Middle Class.
- The Roman Empire And Modern States.
- Results of the Comparison.
- Principles of Liberty.
- Principles Of Despotism.
- General Conclusions.
- Lecture XXIV.
- Spain Under The Roman Empire.
- Barbarian Invasions Of Spain.
- Visigothic Monarchy In Gaul.
- The Breviarium Aniani.
- Reign Of Leovigild.
- Reign Of Recared.
- Usurpation Of Sisenand.
- Recesuinth And Divine Right.
- The Forum Judicum.
- Lecture XXV.
- Character Of Visigothic Legislation.
- Laws Of The Forum Judicum.
- Visigothic Theory Of Law.
- Theory On The Nature Of Power.
- Limits Of These Theories.
- Consequences Of The Visigothic Theory.
- Political Predominance Of The Bishops.
- Election Of Kings.
- Frequency Of Usurpation.
- Progress Of Ecclesiastical Pretensions.
- Duties Of The Sovereign.
- Principle Of Criminal Law.
- Laws Regarding Slaves.
- Presence Of A Good Principle.
- Lecture XXVI.
- Defect Of Visigothic Legislation.
- The Councils Of Toledo.
- Their Political Influence.
- Position Of The Visigothic Bishops.
- Influence Of The Councils Of Toledo.
- The Officium Palatinum.
- Influence Of The Aristocracy.
- Character Of The Goths.
- Local Institutions Of The Visigoths.
- Various Kinds Of Magistrates.
- Constitution Of Judicial Authority.
- Laws Against Bad Judges.
- Views Of M. De Savigny.
- The Defenders Of Cities.
- Importance Of The Curia.
- Objections To Savigny's Theory.
- Abolition Of The Breviarium Aniani.
- Gothic Laws Of Spain.
- Election Of Adalides.
- Admission Of An Adalid.
- Election Of Officers By A Jury.
- Compurgation.
- Errors Of The Preceding Theory.
- Birth Of Free Institutions.
- Conclusion.
- End Of Part I.
- Part II. Essays Of Representative Government In England, From The Conquest Till The Reign Of The Tudors.
- Lecture I.
- Subject of the course.
- Epochs Of European History.
- Aspects Of History.
- The History Of Free Nations.
- Historic Requirements Of The Present Age.
- Necessity Of An Acquaintance With History.
- Subject Of The Present Course.
- Principle Of Representative Government.
- Characteristics Of Representative Government.
- Division Of Power.
- Character Of The English Monarchy.
- Importance Of The Towns.
- Sources Of Liberty.
- Lecture II.
- Early History Of England.
- The Norman Conquest.
- Reign Of William Rufus.
- Reign Of Henry I.
- Wars Of Stephen And Matilda.
- Reign Of Henry II.
- Constitutions Of Clarendon.
- Murder Of Thomas A Becket.
- Conquest Of Ireland.
- Richard Cœur-de-lion.
- Lecture III.
- Effects Of The Norman Conquest.
- Resemblance Of The Two Peoples.
- Sources Of The English Government.
- Anglo-Saxon Institutions.
- Norman Institutions.
- Cohesion Of The Norman Aristocracy.
- Results Of The Norman Conquest.
- Lecture IV.
- Powers Which Rule Society.
- Division Of Powers In England.
- The Anglo-Norman Parliament.
- The Curia De More.
- The Curia Regis.
- Tenure Of These Assemblies.
- Constitution Of These Assemblies.
- Lecture V.
- Wealth Of The King.
- Duties Of The Royal Vassals.
- The Court Of Exchequer.
- Functions Of The National Assembly.
- Co-existence Of Opposing Forces.
- Origin Of Royal Prerogative.
- The Barons And The King.
- Lecture VI.
- Progress Towards Free Government.
- Charter Of William The Conqueror.
- Charters Of Henry I.
- Charters Of Stephen.
- Charter Of Henry II.
- Reign Of Richard I.
- Lecture VII.
- Reign Of King John.
- Opposition Of The Barons.
- Quarrels With The Clergy.
- Commencement Of The Civil War.
- Conference At Runnymead.
- Analysis Of Magna Charta.
- Violation Of Magna Charta.
- Death Of King John.
- Lecture VIII.
- Charters Of Henry III.
- First Charter Of Henry III.
- Violation Of The Charters.
- Revocation Of The Charters.
- Conformation Of The Charters.
- Death Of King Henry III.
- Lecture IX.
- Reign Of King Edward I.
- Exactions Of Edward I.
- Quarrels With The Nobles.
- First Charter Of Edward I.
- Confirmation Of The Charter.
- Statute Of Edward I.
- Bull Of Pope Clement V.
- Lecture X.
- Meaning Of Representation.
- Rousseau's Theory.
- Theory Of Individual Sovereignty.
- Consequences Of These Theories.
- Theory Of Reconciliation.
- Representation Of Wills.
- Theory Of Executive Power.
- Theory Of Despotic Power.
- Fallacy Of The Principle
- Of Will-Representation.
- Province Of The Will.
- Argument From Parental Authority.
- Reason The Source Of Power.
- True Doctrine Of Representation.
- What Is Representation?
- Summary.
- Lecture XI.
- Formation Of A Parliament.
- Of County Deputies.
- The Knights Of Shires.
- Representation Of Knights.
- De Montfort's Rebellion.
- The First Parliament.
- The Acts Of Oxford.
- Tyranny Of The Barons.
- Lecture XII.
- Henry III. And His Parliament.
- Arbitration Of St. Louis.
- Government Of Leicester.
- Battle Of Evesham.
- Progress Of County Representation.
- Progress Of Borough Representation.
- Borough Representation.
- The Mad Parliament.
- Lecture XIII.
- Parliaments Under Edward I.
- Progress Of Liberal Opinions.
- The Commons In Parliament.
- The First Complete Parliament.
- The Commons In Parliament.
- Composition Of Parliament.
- Lecture XIV.
- Who Were The Electors?
- Origin Of County Freeholders.
- Functions Of The County Courts.
- Rights Of The Freeholders.
- Forty-Shilling Freeholders.
- Refutation Of Tory Theories.
- Payment Of Representatives.
- Election Of Borough Representatives.
- Corruption Of Borough Representation.
- Forms Of Borough Elections.
- Lecture XV.
- Character Of The English Electoral System.
- Modern Political Science.
- Object Of The British Parliament.
- Combination Of Public Rights.
- Independence Of Public Rights.
- Two Classes Of Electors.
- Right Derived From Capacity.
- What Is Electoral Capacity?
- Exterior Signs Of Electoral Capacity.
- Legal Signs Of Electoral Capacity.
- Vicissitudes Of Electoral Capacity.
- No Permanent Test Of Electoral Capacity.
- General Conclusions.
- Lecture XVI.
- Forms Of Election.
- The Object Of Election.
- Convocation Of Electors.
- Electoral Districts.
- Number Of Representatives.
- Action Of Party Influence.
- Evils Of Hasty Elections.
- Advantages Of Direct Election.
- Its Relation To Representative Government.
- Qualifications Of Representatives.
- Philosophic Necessity Of Direct Election.
- Evils Of Indirect Election.
- Source Of Indirect Election.
- Practice Of Open Voting.
- Electoral System Of England.
- Lecture XVII.
- Division Of The English Parliament.
- Separate Votes Of Various Classes.
- Causes Of This Separation.
- Formation Of The Commons.
- Present Constitution Of Parliament.
- Early Importance Of The Commons.
- Lecture XVIII.
- Division Of The Legislative Power.
- Philosophic And Historic Schools.
- Errors Of The Philosophic School.
- True Rule Of Social Relations.
- Impossibility Of Defining Rights.
- Conditions Of Realizing Right.
- Amalgamation Of Might And Right.
- Errors Of The Philosophic School.
- Errors Of The Historic School.
- Comparison Of The Two Schools.
- Origin Of The House Of Peers.
- Advantages Of A House Of Peers.
- Results Of Its Establishment.
- Is A House Of Peers Advantageous?
- Two Tendencies In Society.
- Tendency To Inequality.
- Opposition To Absolute Power.
- Bulwarks Against Absolute Power.
- Secret Of Political Liberty.
- Division Of The Central Power.
- Its Relation To Representative Government.
- Good Effects Of This Division.
- How Should It Be Effected?
- Lecture XIX.
- The Great National Council.
- Parliament In The Fourteenth Century.
- Admission Of The Commons.
- Vicissitudes Of The Parliament.
- Its Gradual Increase.
- Lecture XX.
- Reign Of Edward I.
- Empire Of Favourites.
- Rebellions Of The Barons.
- Deposition Of Edward II.
- Progress Of The Parliament.
- Practice Regarding Petitions.
- Conditions Of Granting Subsidies.
- Statute Of 1322.
- Whig And Tory Errors.
- Lecture XXI.
- Right Of Petition.
- Presentation Of Petitions.
- Assertion Of The Right Of Petition.
- Petitions To Parliament.
- Right Of Initiative.
- Mode Of Presenting Petitions.
- Course Of The Right Of Petition.
- Abuses Of The Right Of Petition.
- Discussion Of Petitions.
- Right Of Enquiry.
- Necessity For The Completeness Of Representative Government.
- Lecture XXII.
- Reign Of Edward III.
- Influence Of The Commons.
- Parliaments Of Edward III.
- Prorogations Of Parliament.
- Voting Of Taxes.
- Share In The Legislation.
- Ordnances And Statutes.
- Conservators Of The Peace.
- Lecture XXIII.
- Political Powers Assumed By Parliament.
- The French Wars.
- Influence On The Administration.
- Interference With Ministers.
- Their Impeachment.
- Death Of The Black Prince.
- Opposition To The Clergy.
- Regulation Of Elections.
- Confirmations Of The Old Charters.
- Lecture XXIV.
- Parliament Under Richard II.
- Increased Power Of The Commons.
- Important Petitions.
- Regulation Of Subsidies.
- Disturbed State Of The Country.
- Conferences With The Lords.
- Opposition To Parliamentary Rights.
- The King Compelled To Yield.
- The Wonderful Parliament.
- Increase Of The Royal Power.
- Discontent In The Realm.
- Death Of Richard II.
- The Houses Recover Their Strength.
- Progress Of Liberty.
- Lecture XXV.
- The Tudors And Stuarts.
- Improvement Of Parliament.
- First Opposition To Liberty Of Speech.
- Imprisonment Of The Speaker.
- Conflicting Opinions.
- Clearer Regulations Of The Parliament.
- Votes Of Subsidy.
- Judicial Powers Of The Lords.
- Resistance To The Commons.
- Review Of The State Of Europe.
- The End.
- INDEX.
- End of Main Text
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