Elements of Chemistry, / In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries
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Elements of Chemistry by Antoine Lavoisier, Analytical Theory of Heat by Fourier, Experimental Researches in Electricity by Faraday.
Chapters (848)
- ELEMENTS
- OF
- CHEMISTRY,
- IN A
- NEW SYSTEMATIC ORDER,
- CONTAINING ALL THE
- MODERN DISCOVERIES. ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTEEN COPPERPLATES.
- TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH,
- ADVERTISEMENT OF THE TRANSLATOR.
- FOOTNOTES:
- PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR.
- CONTENTS.
- ELEMENTS
- OF
- CHEMISTRY.
- PART I.
- CHAP. I.
- Of the Combinations of Caloric, and the Formation of Elastic Aëriform Fluids.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. II.
- General Views relative to the Formation and Composition of our Atmosphere.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. III.
- Analysis of Atmospheric Air, and its Division into two Elastic Fluids; the one fit for Respiration, the other incapable of being respired.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. IV.
- Nomenclature of the several Constituent Parts of Atmospheric Air.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. V.
- Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by Sulphur, Phosphorus, and Charcoal—and of the Formation of Acids in general.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. VI.
- Of the Nomenclature of Acids in general, and particularly of those drawn from Nitre and Sea-Salt.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. VII.
- Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by means of Metals, and the Formation of Metallic Oxyds.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. VIII.
- Of the Radical Principle of Water, and of its Decomposition by Charcoal and Iron.
- Experiment First.
- Experiment Second.
- Experiment Third.
- Experiment Fourth.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. IX.
- Of the quantities of Caloric disengaged from different species of Combustion.
- Combustion of Phosphorus.
- Combustion of Charcoal.
- Combustion of Hydrogen Gas.
- Of the Formation of Nitric Acid.
- Of the Combustion of Wax.
- Combustion of Olive Oil.
- CHAP. X.
- Of the Combination of Combustible Substances with each other.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. XI.
- Observations upon Oxyds and Acids with several Bases—and upon the Composition of Animal and Vegetable Substances.
- CHAP. XII.
- Of the Decomposition of Vegetable and Animal Substances by the Action of Fire.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. XIII.
- Of the Decomposition of Vegetable Oxyds by the Vinous Fermentation.
- Table I. Materials of Fermentation.
- Table II. Constituent Elements of the Materials of Fermentation.
- Table III. Recapitulation of these Elements.
- Table IV. Product of Fermentation.
- Table V. Recapitulation of the Products.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. XIV.
- Of the Putrefactive Fermentation.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. XV.
- Of the Acetous Fermentation.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. XVI.
- Of the Formation of Neutral Salts, and of their different Bases.
- § 1. Of Potash.
- § 2. Of Soda.
- § 3. Of Ammoniac.
- § 4. Of Lime, Magnesia, Barytes, and Argill.
- § 5. Of Metallic Bodies.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. XVII.
- Continuation of the Observations upon Salifiable Bases, and the Formation of Neutral Salts.
- FOOTNOTES:
- PART II. Of the Combination of Acids with Salifiable Bases, and of the Formation of Neutral Salts.
- INTRODUCTION.
- TABLE OF SIMPLE SUBSTANCES.
- Oxydable and Acidifiable simple Substance not Metallic.
- Oxydable and Acidifiable simple Metallic Bodies
- Salifiable simple Earthy Substances.
- Sect. I.—Observations upon the Table of Simple Substances.
- Table of compound oxydable and acidifiable bases.
- Sect. II.—Observations upon the Table of Compound Radicals.
- Sect. III.—Observations upon the Combinations of Light and Caloric with different Substances.
- [Trancriber's note: The following table has been split into four sections ease reading]
- TABLE of the binary Combinations of Oxygen with simple Substances
- Sect. IV.—Observations upon the Combinations of Oxygen with the simple Substances.
- Table of the combinations of Oxygen with the compound radicals.
- Sect. V.—Observations upon the Combinations of Oxygen with the Compound Radicals.
- Table of the Binary Combinations of Azote with the Simple Substances.
- Sect. VI.—Observations upon the Combinations of Azote with the Simple Substances.
- Table of the Binary Combinations of Hydrogen with Simple Substances.
- Sect. VII.—Observations upon Hydrogen, and its Combinations with Simple Substances.
- Table of the Binary Combinations of Sulphur with Simple Substances.
- Sect. VIII.—Observations on Sulphur, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Binary Combinations of Phosphorus with the Simple Substances.
- Sect. IX.—Observations upon Phosphorus, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Binary Combinations of Charcoal.
- Sect. X.—Observations upon Charcoal, and its Combinations with Simple Substances.
- Sect. XI.—Observations upon the Muriatic, Fluoric, and Boracic Radicals, and their Combinations.
- Sect. XII.—Observations upon the Combinations of Metals with each other.
- Table of the Combinations of Azote in the state of Nitrous Acid with the Salifiable Bases, arranged according to the affinities of these Bases with the Acid.
- Table of the Combinations of Azote, completely saturated with Oxygen, in the state of Nitric Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of the affinity with the Acid.
- Sect. XIII.—Observations upon the Nitrous and Nitric Acids, and their Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Sulphuric Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of affinity.
- Sect. XIV.—Observations upon Sulphuric Acid and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of the Sulphurous Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of affinity.
- Sect. XV.—Observations upon Sulphurous Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XVI.—Observations upon Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids, and their Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Carbonic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XVII.—Observations upon Carbonic Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Muriatic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Table Of the Combinations of Oxygenated Muriatic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XIX.—Observations upon Muriatic and Oxygenated Muriatic Acids, and their Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Nitro-muriatic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity, so far as is known.
- Sect. XX.—Observations upon the Nitro-Muriatic Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Fluoric Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XXI.—Observations upon the Fluoric Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Boracic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XXII.—Observations upon Boracic Add and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Arseniac Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XXIII.—Observations upon Arseniac Acid, and its Combinations.
- Sect. XXIV.—Observations upon Molybdic Acid, and its Combinations with Acidifiable Bases[43].
- Table of the Combinations of Tungstic Acid with the Salifiable Bases.
- Sect. XXV.—Observations upon Tungstic Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Tartarous Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XXVI.—Observations upon Tartarous Acid, and its Combinations.
- Sect. XXVII.—Observations upon Malic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases[45].
- Table of the Combinations of Citric Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity(A).
- Sect. XXVIII.—Observations upon Citric Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Pyro-lignous Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity(A).
- Sect. XXIX.—Observations upon Pyro-lignous Acid, and its Combinations.
- Sect. XXX.—Observations upon Pyro-tartarous Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases[46].
- Table of the Combinations of Pyro-mucous Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity(A).
- Sect. XXXI.—Observations upon Pyro-mucous Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of the Oxalic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity(A).
- Sect. XXXII.—Observations upon Oxalic Acid, and its Combinations.
- Sect. XXXIII.—Observations upon Acetous Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Acetic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of affinity.
- Sect. XXXIV.—Observations upon Acetic Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Succinic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of Affinity.
- Sect. XXXV.—Observations upon Succinic Acid, and its Combinations.
- Sect. XXXVI.—Observations upon Benzoic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases[48].
- Sect. XXXVII.—Observations upon Camphoric Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases[49].
- Sect. XXXVIII.—Observations upon Gallic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases[50].
- Sect. XXXIX.—Observations upon Lactic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases[51].
- Table of the Combinations of Saccholactic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XL.—Observations upon Saccholactic Acid, and its Combinations.
- Table of the Combinations of Formic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XLI.—Observations upon Formic Acid, and its Combinations.
- Sect. XLII.—Observations upon Bombic Acid, and its Combinations with Acidifiable Bases[52].
- Table of the Combinations of Sebacic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity.
- Sect. XLIII.—Observations upon Sebacid Acid, and its Combinations.
- Sect. XLIV.—Observations upon the Lithic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases[53].
- Table of the Combinations of the Prussic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of affinity.
- Observations upon the Prussic Acid, and its Combinations.
- FOOTNOTES:
- PART III.
- Description of the Instruments and Operations of Chemistry.
- INTRODUCTION.
- CHAP. I.
- Of the Instruments necessary for determining the Absolute and Specific Gravities of Solid and Liquid Bodies.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. II.
- Of Gazometry, or the Measurement of the Weight and Volume of Aëriform Substances. SECT. I.
- Description of the Pneumato-chemical Apparatus.
- SECT. II.
- Of the Gazometer.
- SECT. III.
- Some other methods of measuring the volume of Gasses.
- SECT. IV.
- Of the method of Separating the different Gasses from each other.
- SECT. V.
- Of the necessary corrections upon the volume of the Gasses, according to the pressure of the Atmosphere.
- SECT. VI.
- Of Corrections relative to the Degrees of the Thermometer.
- SECT. VII.
- Example for calculating the Corrections relative to the Variations of Pressure and Temperature. CASE.
- Calculation before Combustion.
- Calculation after Combustion.
- Result.
- SECT. VIII.
- Method of determining the Absolute Gravity of the different Gasses.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. III.
- Description of the Calorimeter, or Apparatus for measuring Caloric.
- CHAP. IV.
- Of Mechanical Operations for Division of Bodies. SECT. I.
- Of Trituration, Levigation, and Pulverization.
- SECT. II.
- Of Sifting and Washing Powdered Substances.
- SECT. III.
- Of Filtration.
- SECT. IV.
- Of Decantation.
- CHAP. V.
- Of Chemical Means for separating the Particles of Bodies from each other; without Decomposition, and for uniting them again.
- SECT. I.
- Of the Solution of Salts.
- SECT. II.
- Of Lixiviation.
- SECT. III.
- Of Evaporation.
- SECT. IV.
- Of Cristallization.
- SECT. V.
- Of Simple Distillation.
- SECT. VI.
- Of Sublimation.
- CHAP. VI.
- Of Pneumato-chemical Distillations, Metallic Dissolutions, and some other operations which require very complicated instruments. SECT. I.
- Of Compound and Pneumato-chemical Distillations.
- SECT. II.
- Of Metallic Dissolutions.
- SECT. III.
- Apparatus necessary in Experiments upon Vinous and Putrefactive Fermentations.
- SECT. IV.
- Apparatus for the Decomposition of Water.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. VII.
- Of the Composition and Application of Lutes.
- CHAP. VIII.
- Of Operations upon Combustion and Deflagration. SECT. I.
- Of Combustion in general.
- SECT. II.
- Of the Combustion of Phosphorus.
- SECT. III.
- Of the Combustion of Charcoal.
- SECT. IV.
- Of the Combustion of Oils.
- SECT. V.
- Of the Combustion of Alkohol.
- SECT. VI.
- Of the Combustion of Ether.
- SECT. VII.
- Of the Combustion of Hydrogen Gas, and the Formation of Water.
- SECT. VIII.
- Of the Oxydation of Metals.
- FOOTNOTES:
- CHAP. IX.
- Of Deflagration.
- CHAP. X.
- Of the Instruments necessary for Operating upon Bodies in very high Temperatures. SECT. I.
- Of Fusion.
- SECT. II.
- Of Furnaces.
- SECT. III.
- Of increasing the Action of Fire, by using Oxygen Gas instead of Atmospheric Air.
- FINIS.
- APPENDIX.
- No. I.
- Table for Converting Lines, or Twelfth Parts of an Inch, and Fractions of Lines, into Decimal Fractions of the Inch.
- No. II.
- Table for Converting the Observed Heighths of Water in the Jars of the Pneumato-Chemical Apparatus, expressed in Inches and Decimals, into Corresponding Heighths of Mercury.
- No. III.
- Table for Converting the Ounce Measures used by Dr Priestly into French and English Cubical Inches.
- No. IV. Additional.
- Table for Reducing the Degrees of Reaumeur's Thermometer into its corresponding Degrees of Fahrenheit's Scale.
- No. V. Additional.
- Rules for converting French Weights and Measures into correspondent English Denominations[62]. § 1. Weights.
- I. To reduce French to English Troy Weight.
- II. To Reduce English Troy to Paris Weight.
- III. To Reduce English Averdupois to Paris Weight.
- § 2. Long and Cubical Measures.
- IV. To Reduce Paris Long Measure to English.
- V. To Reduce English Long Measure to French.
- VI. To Reduce French Cube Measure to English.
- VII. To Reduce English Cube Measure to French.
- § 3. Measure of Capacity.
- No. VI. Table of the Weights of the different Gasses, at 28 French inches, or 29.84 English inches barometrical pressure, and at 10° (54.5°) of temperature, expressed in English measure and English Troy weight.
- No. VII. Tables of the Specific Gravities of different bodies. § 1. Metallic Substances. GOLD.
- SILVER.
- PLATINA.
- COPPER AND BRASS.
- IRON AND STEEL.
- TIN.
- § 2. Precious Stones.
- § 3. Silicious Stones.
- § 4. Various Stones, &c.
- § 5. Liquids.
- § 6. Resins and Gums
- § 7. Woods.
- No. VIII. ADDITIONAL.
- No. IX. Tables for Converting Ounces, Drams, and Grains, Troy, into Decimals of the Troy Pound of 12 Ounces, and for Converting Decimals of the Pound Troy into Ounces, &c. I. For Grains.
- II. For Drams.
- III. For Ounces.
- IV. Decimals of the Pound into Ounces, &c.
- No. X.
- For Grains.
- For Drams.
- For Ounces.
- For Pounds.
- THE END.
- FOOTNOTES:
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