Civilization and ethics
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About This Book
Veikale "Kultūra ir etika" (1923) svarstoma, kur, kokioje padėtyje atsidūrė Europos kultūra ir žmogus, ir mėginama formuluoti kultūros, taigi žmogaus dvasinio prisikėlimo etinę koncepciją.
Chapters (139)
- PREFACE
- CIVILIZATION AND ETHICS
- CHAPTER I
- THE CRISIS IN CIVILIZATION AND ITS SPIRITUAL CAUSE
- The material and spiritual elements in civilization
- Civilization and World-View
- CHAPTER II
- THE PROBLEM OF THE OPTIMISTIC WORLD-VIEW
- The Western and the Indian conceptions of civilization
- The struggle for the optimistic world-view
- Optimism and Pessimism
- Optimism, Pessimism, and Ethics
- CHAPTER III
- THE ETHICAL PROBLEM
- The difficulties of ethical perception
- The importance of thought about ethics
- The search for a basic principle of morality
- Religious and philosophical ethics
- CHAPTER IV
- RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL WORLD-VIEWS
- The world-views of the world-religions
- The world-views of the world-religions and that of Western thought
- CHAPTER V
- CIVILIZATION AND ETHICS IN THE GRÆCO-ROMAN PHILOSOPHY
- The beginnings: Socrates.
- Epicureanism and Stoicism. The Ethic of Resignation
- Plato’s abstract basic principle of the ethical. The ethic of world-negation
- Aristotle. Instruction about virtue in place of ethics
- The Ideal of the Civilized State in Plato and Aristotle
- Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius
- The Optimistic-Ethical World-View of the later Stoicism
- CHAPTER VI
- OPTIMISTIC WORLD-VIEW AND ETHICS IN THE RENAISSANCE AND POST-RENAISSANCE PERIODS
- Belief in Progress and Ethics
- Christian and Stoic Elements in Modern Ethics
- CHAPTER VII
- LAYING THE FOUNDATION OF ETHICS IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
- Hartley, Holbach. Devotion as Enlightened Egoism
- Hobbes, Locke, Helvetius, Bentham
- Altruism as a natural quality. Hume, Adam Smith
- The English ethic of self-perfecting
- CHAPTER VIII
- LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AGE OF RATIONALISM
- The Mentality and the Achievements of the Ethical Belief in Progress
- Obstacles to the reform movement. The French Revolution
- The undermining of the rationalistic world-view
- CHAPTER IX
- THE OPTIMISTIC-ETHICAL WORLD-VIEW IN KANT
- Kant’s ethics, deepened, but lacking content
- Kant’s attempt to reach an ethical world-view
- CHAPTER X
- NATURE-PHILOSOPHY AND WORLD-VIEW IN SPINOZA AND LEIBNIZ
- Spinoza’s attempt to reach an optimistic-ethical nature-philosophy
- Leibniz’s optimistic-ethical world-view side by side with nature-philosophy
- CHAPTER XI
- J. G. FICHTE’S OPTIMISTIC-ETHICAL WORLD-VIEW
- Speculative philosophy and Gnosticism
- Fichte’s speculative founding of an ethic and of optimism
- Fichte’s mysticism of activity incapable of being carried through
- CHAPTER XII
- SCHILLER; GOETHE; SCHLEIERMACHER
- Schiller’s ethical world-view; Goethe’s world-view based on nature-philosophy
- Schleiermacher’s attempt at a nature-philosophy
- CHAPTER XIII
- HEGEL’S SUPRA-ETHICAL OPTIMISTIC WORLD-VIEW
- Ethics in Hegel’s nature-philosophy, and in his philosophy of history
- Hegel’s supra-ethical world-view. His belief in progress
- CHAPTER XIV
- THE LATER UTILITARIANISM. BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ETHICS
- Beneke, Feuerbach, Laas, Auguste Comte, John Stuart Mill
- Darwin and Spencer
- The weak points in biological and sociological utilitarianism
- Sociological ethics and socialism. Mechanical belief in progress
- CHAPTER XV
- SCHOPENHAUER AND NIETZSCHE
- Schopenhauer. An ethic of world- and life-denial
- Absorption of ethics in world- and life-denial
- Nietzsche’s criticism of current ethics
- Nietzsche’s ethic of higher life-affirmation
- CHAPTER XVI
- THE ISSUE OF THE WESTERN STRUGGLE FOR A WORLD-VIEW
- Academic thinkers: Sidgwick, Stephen, Alexander, Wundt, Paulsen, Höffding
- The ethic of self-perfecting. Kant’s successors: Cohen, Herrmann
- Martineau, Green, Bradley, Laurie, Seth, and Royce
- Nature-philosophy and ethics. Fouillée, Guyau, Lange, Stern
- Nature-philosophy and ethics in Eduard von Hartmann
- Nature-philosophy and ethics in Bergson, Chamberlain, Keyserling, Haeckel
- The death-agony of the optimistic-ethical world-view
- CHAPTER XVII
- THE NEW WAY
- Why the optimistic-ethical world-view cannot be carried through to the logical conclusion
- Life-view independent of world-view
- CHAPTER XVIII
- THE FOUNDATIONS OF OPTIMISM SECURED FROM THE WILL-TO-LIVE
- The pessimistic result of knowledge
- The world- and life-affirmation of the will-to-live
- CHAPTER XIX
- THE PROBLEM OF ETHICS, STARTING FROM THE HISTORY OF ETHICS
- An ethic of self-devotion, or an ethic of self-perfecting?
- Ethics and a theory of knowledge. Ethics and natural happenings. The enthusiastic element in ethics
- The ethic of ethical personality, and the ethic of society
- The problem of a complete ethic
- CHAPTER XX
- THE ETHIC OF DEVOTION AND THE ETHIC OF SELF-PERFECTING
- The widening of the ethic of self-devotion into a cosmic ethic
- The ethic of self-perfecting and mysticism
- Abstract mysticism and the mysticism of reality. Supra-ethical, and ethical mysticism
- CHAPTER XXI
- THE ETHIC OF REVERENCE FOR LIFE
- The basic principle of the moral
- The ethic of resignation. An ethic of veracity towards oneself, and an activist ethic
- Ethics and thoughtlessness. Ethics and self-assertion
- Man and other living creatures
- The ethic of the relation of man to man
- Personal and supra-personal responsibility. Ethics and humanity
- CHAPTER XXII
- THE CIVILIZING POWER OF THE ETHIC OF REVERENCE FOR LIFE
- Civilization as a product of reverence for life
- The four ideals of civilization. The struggle for a civilized mankind in the machine age
- Church and State as historical entities, and as ideals of civilization
- The moralizing of the religious and political community
- FOOTNOTES
- Preface Notes
- CHAPTER III Notes
- CHAPTER V Notes
- CHAPTER VI Notes
- CHAPTER VII Notes
- CHAPTER VIII Notes
- CHAPTER IX Notes
- CHAPTER X Notes
- CHAPTER XI Notes
- CHAPTER XII Notes
- CHAPTER XIII Notes
- CHAPTER XIV Notes
- CHAPTER XV Notes
- CHAPTER XVI Notes
- CHAPTER XX Notes
- INDEX
- TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
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