Auroræ: Their Characters and Spectra

Name: Auroræ: Their Characters and Spectra
Author: J. Rand Capron

by J. Rand Capron

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Chapters (343)

AURORÆ: THEIR CHARACTERS AND SPECTRA.
PREFACE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LIST OF PLATES.
PART I. THE AURORA AND ITS CHARACTERS.
CHAPTER I. THE AURORA AS KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS.
CHAPTER II. SOME GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF AURORÆ.
CHAPTER III. SOME SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF AURORÆ, INCLUDING RESULTS OF THE ENGLISH ARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1875-76.
Captain Sabine’s Auroræ.
Aurora seen at Sunderland, February 8th, 1817.
Description of Aurora by Dr. Hayes, 6th January, 1861.
Prof. Lemström’s Aurora of 1st September, 1868.
Mr. J. R. Capron’s Aurora of October 24th, 1870.
Mr. Barker’s (superposed) red and white Auroræ, 9th November (1870?).
Mr. J. R. Capron’s Aurora of February 4th, 1872.
Description of an Aurora seen at Cardiff.
Mr. J. R. Capron’s Aurora, seen at Guildown, Guildford, February 4th, 1874.
Mr. Herbert Ingall’s Aurora, July 18th, 1874.
Mr. J. R. Capron’s White Aurora of September 11th, 1874.
Dr. Allnatt’s Aurora, June 9th, 1876.
Herr Carl Bock’s Lapland Aurora, 3rd October, 1877.
Rev. T. W. Webb’s Aurora.
The English Arctic Expedition 1875-76, under Capt. Sir George Nares.
Aurora Australis.
Prof. Piazzi Smyth’s Typical Auroræ.
CHAPTER IV. PHENOMENA SIMULATING AURORÆ.
Auroric Lights (Kinahan).
Luminous Arch.
CHAPTER V. SOME QUALITIES OF THE AURORA.
Noises attending Auroræ.
Colours of the Aurora.
Height of the Aurora.
Phosphorescence.
Aurora and Ozone.
Polarization of the Aurora Light.
Number of Auroræ.
Duration of Aurora.
The Travelling of Auroræ.
Geographical Distribution of Auroræ (Fritz and Loomis).
Extent and principal Zone of the Aurora.
CHAPTER VI. THE AURORA IN CONNEXION WITH OTHER PHENOMENA.
Auroræ and Clouds.
Aurora and Thunder-storms.
Aurora and the Magnetic Needle.
Auroræ, Magnetic Disturbances, and Sun-spots.
Aurora and Electricity.
Aurora and Meteoric Dust.
The Aurora and the Planets Venus and Jupiter.
The Aurora and the Zodiacal Light.
CHAPTER VII. AURORA-LIKE PATCHES ON THE PARTIALLY-ECLIPSED MOON.
CHAPTER VIII. AURORA AND THE SOLAR CORONA.
CHAPTER IX. SUPPOSED CAUSES OF THE AURORA.
Prof. Lemström’s Theory.
Theories of MM. Becquerel and De la Rive.
M. Planté’s Electric Experiments.
PART II. THE SPECTRUM OF THE AURORA.
CHAPTER X. SPECTROSCOPE ADAPTED FOR THE AURORA.
Spectrum of the Aurora described.
Flickering of the Green Line.
Mr. Backhouse’s graphical Spectra of four Auroræ.
Lord Lindsay’s Aurora-Spectrum, 21st October, 1870.
Spectrum of the Aurora Australis.
Prof. Piazzi Smyth’s Aurora-Spectra.
Author’s Catalogue of the Auroral Lines.
Theories in relation to the Aurora and its Spectrum.
CHAPTER XI. THE COMPARISON OF SOME TUBE AND OTHER SPECTRA WITH THE SPECTRUM OF THE AURORA.
Hydrogen-tube.
Carbon- and Oxygen-tubes.
Geissler Mercury-tube (Plate X. fig. 7) and Barometer Mercurial vacuum.
Air-tubes.
Violet [negative] Pole, same tube.
Red [positive] Pole.
Aurora (air)-tube. (Plate XV. spectrum 4.)
Phosphorescent tube.
Spark in Air.
Spark over Water.
Phosphoretted-Hydrogen Flame.
Iron-Spectrum.
Spectrum of Mercury.
The following Table was compiled for the purpose of comparing the foregoing results with the Aurora-spectrum.
CHAPTER XII. SOME NOTES ON PROFESSOR ÅNGSTRÖM’S THEORY OF THE AURORA-SPECTRUM.
CHAPTER XIII. THE OXYGEN-SPECTRUM IN RELATION TO THE AURORA (PROCTER AND SCHUSTER).
PART III. MAGNETO-ELECTRIC EXPERIMENTS IN CONNEXION WITH THE AURORA.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER XIV. EXAMINATION OF GEISSLER TUBES UNDER ACTION OF THE MAGNET.
Nitrogen-tubes.
Oxygen-tubes.
Hydrogen-tubes.
Water-Gas (H₂O) tube.
Ammonia-tube.
Carbonic-Acid tube.
Chlorine-tubes.
Iodine-tubes.
Bromine-tubes.
Silicic-Fluoride tubes.
Sulphuric-Acid (SO₃) tubes.
Sulphur-tube.
CHAPTER XV. EFFECT OF MAGNET ON A CAPILLARY GLASS TUBE.
Action of Magnet on a bar of heavy glass.
CHAPTER XVI. EFFECT OF MAGNET ON WIDE AIR (AURORA) TUBE.
Note on Stratification.
Effect of Magnet on Plücker (Air-) Tube.
Effect of Magnet on Plücker Tube (Tin Chloride).
Effect of Magnet on Tin-Chloride Geissler Tube.
CHAPTER XVII. EFFECT OF MAGNET ON BULBED PHOSPHORESCENT TUBE.
Effect of Magnet on small Phosphorescent (powder) Tubes.
Lighting-up Tubes with One Wire only (Marquis of Salisbury’s Observations).
CHAPTER XVIII. ACTION OF THE MAGNET ON THE ELECTRIC SPARK.
CHAPTER XIX. THE DISCHARGE IN VACUO IN LARGER VESSELS, AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS THEREON.
Some of Baron Reichenbach’s Magnetic Researches tested.
SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR RESULTS.
CHAPTER XX. SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS.
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX A. REFERENCES TO SOME WORKS AND ESSAYS ON THE AURORA.
APPENDIX B. EXTRACTS FROM THE MANUAL AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE (ENGLISH) ARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1875.
Spectroscopic Observations. By Prof. G. G. Stokes, Sec. R.S. Spectrum of the Aurora.
Polarization of Light. By W. Spottiswoode, M.A., LL.D., Treas. R.S.
Instructions in the use of the Spectroscopes supplied to the Arctic Expedition. By J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S. Spectroscopic Work.
General Observations regarding the Spectrum of the Aurora[17].
APPENDIX C. EXTRACTS FROM PARLIAMENTARY BLUE BOOK, CONTAINING THE “RESULTS DERIVED FROM THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1875-76.” (Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1878.)
Auroras observed 1875-1876, at Floebery Beach and Discovery Bay.
Table of Dates when Auroras were observed by the Arctic Expedition, 1875-76.
Auroras and Magnetic Disturbances.
APPENDIX D. THE AURORA AND OZONE.
APPENDIX E. INQUIRIES INTO THE SPECTRUM OF THE AURORA.
1. Observations of the Aurora.
2. On the Spectra of some Gases in Geissler’s Tubes, as well as on the Spectrum of the Atmospheric Air.
3. Comparison of the Aurora-Spectrum with the Spectra of Atmospheric Gases and of Inorganic Substances.
FOOTNOTES
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