Anthropology

Name: Anthropology
Author: A. L. Kroeber

by A. L. Kroeber

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Chapters (805)

ANTHROPOLOGY
CHAPTER I SCOPE AND CHARACTER OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Anthropology, Biology, History
2. Organic and Social Elements
3. Physical Anthropology
4. Cultural Anthropology
5. Evolutionary Processes and Evolutionistic Fancies
6. Age of Anthropological Science
CHAPTER II FOSSIL MAN
7. The “Missing Link”
8. Family Tree of the Primates
9. Geological and Glacial Time
10. Place of Man’s Origin and Development
11. Pithecanthropus
12. Heidelberg Man
13. The Piltdown Form
14. Neandertal Man
15. Rhodesian Man
16. The Cro-Magnon Race
17. The Brünn Race
18. The Grimaldi Race: Neolithic Races
19. The Metric Expression of Human Evolution
CHAPTER III LIVING RACES
20. Race Origins
21. Race Classification
22. Traits on Which Classification Rests
23. The Grand Divisions or Primary Stocks
24. Caucasian Races
25. Mongoloid Races
26. Negroid Races
27. Peoples of Doubtful Position
28. Continents and Oceans
29. The History of Race Classifications
30. Emergence of the Threefold Classification
31. Other Classifications
32. Principles and Conclusions Common to All Classifications
33. Race, Nationality, and Language
CHAPTER IV PROBLEMS OF RACE
34. Questions of Endowment and Their Validity
35. Plan of Inquiry
36. Anatomical Evidence on Evolutionary Rank
37. Comparative Physiological Data
38. Disease
39. Causes of Cancer Incidence
40. Mental Achievement and Social Environment
41. Psychological Tests on the Sense Faculties
42. Intelligence Tests
43. Status of Hybrids
44. Evidence from the Cultural Record of Races
45. Emotional Bias
46. Summary
CHAPTER V LANGUAGE
47. Linguistic Relationship: The Speech Family
48. Criteria of Relationship
49. Sound Equivalences and Phonetic Laws
50. The Principal Speech Families
51. Classification of Languages by Types
52. Permanence of Language and Race
53. The Biological and Historical Nature of Language
54. Problems of the Relation of Language and Culture
55. Period of the Origin of Language
56. Culture, Speech, and Nationality
57. Relative Worth of Languages
58. Size of Vocabulary
59. Quality of Speech Sounds
60. Diffusion and Parallelism in Language and Culture
61. Convergent Languages
62. Unconscious Factors in Language and Culture
63. Linguistic and Cultural Standards
64. Rapidity of Linguistic Change
CHAPTER VI THE BEGINNINGS OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION
65. Fossils of the Body and of the Mind
66. Stone and Metals
67. The Old and the New Stone Ages
68. The Eolithic Age
69. The Palæolithic Age: Duration, Climate, Animals
70. Subdivisions of the Palæolithic
71. Human Racial Types in the Palæolithic
72. Palæolithic Flint Implements
73. Other Materials: Bone and Horn
74. Dress
75. Harpoons and Weapons
76. Wooden Implements
77. Fire
78. Houses
79. Religion
80. Palæolithic Art
81. Summary of Advance in the Palæolithic
CHAPTER VII HEREDITY, CLIMATE, AND CIVILIZATION
82. Heredity
83. Geographical Environment
84. Diet
85. Agriculture
86. Cultural Factors
87. Cultural Distribution
88. Historical Induction
CHAPTER VIII DIFFUSION
89. The Couvade
90. Proverbs
91. Geographic Distribution
92. The Magic Flight
93. Flood Legends
94. The Double-headed Eagle
95. The Zodiac
96. Measures
97. Divination
98. Tobacco
99. Migrations
CHAPTER IX PARALLELS
100. General Observations
101. Cultural Context
102. Universal Elements
103. Secondary Parallelism in the Indo-European Languages
104. Textile Patterns and Processes
105. Primary Parallelism: the Beginnings of Writing
106. Time Reckoning
107. Scale and Pitch of Pan’s Pipes
108. Bronze
109. Zero
110. Exogamic Institutions
111. Parallels and Psychology
112. Limitations on the Principle
CHAPTER X THE ARCH AND THE WEEK
113. House Building and Architecture
114. The Problem of Spanning
115. The Column and Beam
116. The Corbelled Arch
117. The True Arch
118. Babylonian and Etruscan Beginnings
119. The Roman Arch and Dome
120. Mediæval Cathedrals
121. The Arabs: India: Modern Architecture
122. The Week: Holy Numbers
123. Babylonian Discovery of the Planets
124. Greek and Egyptian Contributions: the Astrological Combination
125. The Names of the Days and the Sabbath
126. The Week in Christianity, Islam, and Eastern Asia
127. Summary of the Diffusion
128. Month-thirds and Market Weeks
129. Leap Days as Parallels
CHAPTER XI THE SPREAD OF THE ALPHABET
130. Kinds of Writing: Pictographic and Mixed Phonetic
131. Deficiencies of Transitional Systems
132. Abbreviation and Conventionalization
133. Presumptive Origins of Mixed Systems
134. Phonetic Writing: the Primitive Semitic Alphabet
135. The Greek Alphabet: Invention of the Vowels
136. Slowness of the Invention
137. The Roman Alphabet
138. Letters as Numeral Signs
139. Reform in Institutions
140. The Sixth and Seventh Letters
141. The Tail of the Alphabet
142. Capitals and Minuscules
143. Conservatism and Rationalization
144. Gothic
145. Hebrew and Arabic
146. The Spread Eastward: the Writing of India
147. Syllabic Tendencies
148. The East Indies: Philippine Alphabets
149. Northern Asia: the Conflict of Systems in Korea
CHAPTER XII THE GROWTH OF A PRIMITIVE RELIGION
150. Regional Variation of Culture
151. Plains, Southwest, Northwest Areas
152. California and Its Sub-areas
153. The Shaping of a Problem
154. Girls’ Adolescence Rite
155. The First Period
156. The Second Period: Mourning Anniversary and First-salmon Rite
157. Era of Regional Differentiation
158. Third and Fourth Periods in Central California: Kuksu and Hesi
159. Third and Fourth Periods in Southern California: Jimsonweed and Chungichnish
160. Third and Fourth Periods on the Lower Colorado: Dream Singing
161. Northwestern California: World-renewal and Wealth Display
162. Summary of Religious Development
163. Other Phases of Culture
164. Outline of the Culture History of California
165. The Question of Dating
166. The Evidence of Archæology
167. Age of the Shellmounds
168. General Serviceability of the Method
CHAPTER XIII THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION IN NATIVE AMERICA
169. Review of the Method of Culture Examination
170. Limitations on the Diffusion Principle
171. Cultural Ranking
172. Cultural Abnormalities
173. Environmental Considerations
174. Culture-areas
175. Diagrammatic Representation of Accumulation and Diffusion of Culture Traits
176. Representation Showing Contemporaneity and Narrative Representation
177. Racial Origin of the American Indians
178. The Time of the Peopling of America
179. Linguistic Diversification
180. The Primitive Culture of the Immigrants
181. The Route of Entry into the Western Hemisphere
182. The Spread Over Two Continents
183. Emergence of Middle American Culture: Maize
184. Tobacco
185. The Sequence of Social Institutions
186. Rise of Political Institutions: Confederacy and Empire
187. Developments in Weaving
188. Progress in Spinning: Cotton
189. Textile Clothing
190. Cults: Shamanism
191. Crisis Rites and Initiations
192. Secret Societies and Masks
193. Priesthood
194. Temples and Sacrifice
195. Architecture, Sculpture, Towns
196. Metallurgy
197. Calendars and Astronomy
198. Writing
199. The Several Provincial Developments: Mexico
200. The Andean Area
201. Colombia
202. The Tropical Forest
203. Patagonia
204. North America: the Southwest
205. The Southeast
206. The Northern Woodland
207. Plains Area
208. The Northwest Coast
209. Northern Marginal Areas
210. Later Asiatic Influences
CHAPTER XIV THE GROWTH OF CIVILIZATION: OLD WORLD PREHISTORY AND ARCHÆOLOGY
211. Sources of Knowledge
212. Chronology of the Grand Divisions of Culture History
213. The Lower and Upper Palæolithic
214. Race Influence and Regional Differentiation in the Lower Palæolithic
215. Upper Palæolithic Culture Growths and Races
216. The Palæolithic Aftermath: Azilian
217. The Neolithic: Its Early Phase
218. Pottery and the Bow
219. Bone Tools
220. The Dog
221. The Hewn Ax
222. The Full Neolithic
223. Origin of Domesticated Animals and Plants
224. Other Traits of the Full Neolithic
225. The Bronze Age: Copper and Bronze Phases
226. Traits Associated with Bronze
227. Iron
228. First Use and Spread of Iron
229. The Hallstadt and LaTène Periods
230. Summary of Development: Regional Differentiation
231. The Scandinavian Area as an Example
232. The Late Palæolithic Ancylus or Maglemose Period
233. The Early Neolithic Litorina or Kitchenmidden Period
234. The Full Neolithic and Its Subdivisions in Scandinavia
235. The Bronze Age and Its Periods in Scandinavia
236. Problems of Chronology
237. Principles of the Prehistoric Spread of Culture
CHAPTER XV THE GROWTH OF CIVILIZATION: OLD WORLD HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY
238. The Early Focal Area
239. Egypt and Sumer and Their Background
240. Predynastic Egypt
241. Culture Growth in Dynastic Egypt
242. The Sumerian Development
243. The Sumerian Hinterland
244. Entry of Semites and Indo-Europeans
245. Iranian Peoples and Cultures
246. The Composite Culture of the Near East
247. Phœnicians, Aramæans, Hebrews
248. Other Contributing Nationalities
249. Ægean Civilization
250. Europe
251. China
252. Growth and Spread of Chinese Civilization
253. The Lolos
254. Korea
255. Japan
256. Central and Northern Asia
257. India
258. Indian Caste and Religion
259. Relations Between India and the Outer World
260. Indo-China
261. Oceania
262. The East Indies
263. Melanesia and Polynesia
264. Australia
265. Tasmania
266. Africa
267. Egyptian Radiations
268. The Influence of Other Cultures
269. The Bushmen
270. The West African Culture-area and Its Meaning
271. Civilization, Race, and the Future
FOOTNOTES
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