An Introduction to the Birds of Pennsylvania
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About This Book
"I have written this book for those who are beginning a study of birds in Pennsylvania; or for those who, after some study in a certain region, wish to know more about the birds in other sections of the Commonwealth. This book is not intended to be a complete reference work. The descriptions of the birds and statements of their status are as brief as I felt I could make them under the circumstances. Many species of birds which have been recorded in Pennsylvania are not even mentioned. These are omitted so as to simplify the list for the beginner, who is confronted with a sufficiently formidabl...
Chapters (250)
- AN INTRODUCTION TO THE BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA
- Dedication
- PREFATORY NOTE
- CONTENTS
- A WORD TO THE BEGINNER
- BIRD-SONGS
- NOTE-BOOKS
- SPECIMENS
- FIELD-GLASSES
- BOOKS
- MAGAZINES
- BIRD HIKES
- IN THE FIELD
- VALUE OF PENNSYLVANIA BIRDS
- HELPING OUR BIRD FRIENDS
- LIFE-ZONES IN PENNSYLVANIA
- BIRD-MIGRATION IN PENNSYLVANIA
- HORNED GREBE Colymbus auritus Linnæus
- PIED-BILLED GREBE Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnæus)
- LOON Gavia immer immer (Brünnich)
- HERRING GULL Larus argentatus argentatus Pontoppidan
- RING-BILLED GULL Larus delawarensis Ord
- BONAPARTE’S GULL Chroicocephalus philadelphia (Ord)
- COMMON TERN Sterna hirundo Linnæus
- BLACK TERN Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin)
- DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson)
- MERGANSER Mergus merganser americanus Cassin
- RED-BREASTED MERGANSER Mergus serrator Linnæus
- HOODED MERGANSER Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnæus)
- MALLARD Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Linnæus
- BLACK DUCK Anas rubripes tristis Brewster
- GADWALL Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnæus)
- BALDPATE Mareca americana (Gmelin)
- GREEN-WINGED TEAL Nettion carolinense (Gmelin)
- BLUE-WINGED TEAL Querquedula discors (Linnæus)
- SHOVELER Spatula clypeata (Linnæus)
- PINTAIL Dafila acuta tzitzihoa (Vieillot)
- WOOD DUCK Aix sponsa (Linnæus)
- REDHEAD Nyroca americana (Eyton)
- CANVASBACK Aristonetta valisineria (Wilson)
- SCAUP Fulix marila nearctica (Stejneger)
- LESSER SCAUP Fulix affinis (Eyton)
- RINGED-NECKED DUCK Perissonetta collaris (Donovan)
- GOLDENEYE Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonaparte)
- BUFFLEHEAD Charitonetta albeola (Linnæus)
- OLD SQUAW Clangula hiemalis (Linnæus)
- THE SCOTERS
- AMERICAN SCOTER Oidemia americana Swainson
- WHITE-WINGED SCOTER Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte
- SURF SCOTER Melanitta perspicillata (Linnæus)
- RUDDY DUCK Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin)
- CANADA GOOSE Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnæus)
- WHISTLING SWAN Cygnus columbianus (Ord)
- AMERICAN BITTERN Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu)
- LEAST BITTERN Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin)
- GREAT BLUE HERON Ardea herodias herodias Linnæus
- AMERICAN EGRET Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin)
- LITTLE BLUE HERON Florida cærulea cærulea (Linnæus)
- GREEN HERON Butorides virescens virescens (Linnæus)
- BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON Nycticorax nycticorax nævius (Boddært)
- KING RAIL Rallus elegans elegans Audubon
- VIRGINIA RAIL Rallus virginianus Linnæus
- SORA RAIL Porzana carolina (Linnæus)
- FLORIDA GALLINULE Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs
- COOT Fulica americana Gmelin
- WOODCOCK Rubicolor minor (Gmelin)
- WILSON’S SNIPE Capella gallinago delicata (Ord)
- PECTORAL SANDPIPER Pisobia maculata (Vieillot)
- LEAST SANDPIPER Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot)
- RED-BACKED SANDPIPER Pelidna alpina pacifica Coues
- SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER Ereunetes pusillus (Linnæus)
- SANDERLING Crocethia alba (Pallas)
- GREATER YELLOW-LEGS Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin)
- LESSER YELLOW-LEGS Totanus flavipes (Gmelin)
- SOLITARY SANDPIPER Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson
- BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER; UPLAND PLOVER Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein)
- SPOTTED SANDPIPER Actitis macularia (Linnæus)
- KILLDEER Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linnæus)
- SEMIPALMATED PLOVER Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte
- RUDDY TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnæus)
- RING-NECKED PHEASANT Phasianus colchichus torquatus Gmelin
- BOB-WHITE Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnæus)
- RUFFED GROUSE Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linnæus)
- WILD TURKEY Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot
- MOURNING DOVE Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnæus)
- TURKEY VULTURE Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied
- MARSH HAWK Circus cyaneus hudsonius (Linnæus)
- SHARP-SHINNED HAWK Accipiter velox (Wilson)
- COOPER’S HAWK Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte)
- GOSHAWK Astur atricapillus atricapillus (Wilson)
- RED-TAILED HAWK Buteo borealis borealis (Gmelin)
- RED-SHOULDERED HAWK Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmelin)
- BROAD-WINGED HAWK Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot)
- ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmelin)
- GOLDEN EAGLE Aquila chrysaëtos chrysaëtos (Linnæus)
- BALD EAGLE Haliæëtus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnæus)
- DUCK HAWK Rhynchodon peregrinus anatum (Bonaparte)
- PIGEON HAWK Tinnuculus columbarius columbarius (Linnæus)
- SPARROW HAWK Cerchneis sparveria sparveria (Linnæus)
- OSPREY; FISH HAWK Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis (Gmelin)
- BARN OWL Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte)
- LONG-EARED OWL Asio otus wilsonianus (Lesson)
- SHORT-EARED OWL Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan)
- BARRED OWL Strix varia varia Barton
- SAW-WHET OWL Cryptoglaux acadica acadica (Gmelin)
- SCREECH OWL Otus asio nævius (Gmelin)
- GREAT HORNED OWL Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmelin)
- SNOWY OWL Nyctea nyctea (Linnæus)
- YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linnæus)
- BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO Coccyzus erythophthalmus (Wilson)
- BELTED KINGFISHER Streptoceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnæus)
- HAIRY WOODPECKER Dryobates villosus villosus (Linnæus)
- DOWNY WOODPECKER Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swainson)
- YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnæus)
- PILEATED WOODPECKER Phlœotomus pileatus abieticola (Bangs)
- RED-HEADED WOODPECKER Melanerpes erythrocephalus erythrocephalus (Linnæus)
- RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER Centurus carolinus (Linnæus)
- NORTHERN FLICKER Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs
- WHIP-POOR-WILL Setochalcis vocifera vocifera (Wilson)
- NIGHTHAWK Chordeiles minor minor (J. R. Forster)
- CHIMNEY SWIFT Chætura pelagica (Linnæus)
- RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD Archilochus colubris (Linnæus)
- KINGBIRD Tyrannus tyrannus tyrannus (Linnæus)
- CRESTED FLYCATCHER Myiarchus crinitus boreus Bangs
- PHŒBE Sayornis phœbe (Latham)
- OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER Nuttallornis borealis borealis (Swainson)
- WOOD PEWEE Myiochanes virens (Linnæus)
- THE SMALL FLYCATCHERS
- YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER Empidonax flaviventris (W. M. and S. F. Baird)
- ACADIAN FLYCATCHER Empidonax virescens (Vieillot)
- ALDER FLYCATCHER Empidonax traillii traillii (Audubon)
- LEAST FLYCATCHER; CHEBEC Empidonax minimus (W. M. and S. F. Baird)
- HORNED LARK Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linnæus)
- PRAIRIE HORNED LARK Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw
- BLUE JAY Cyanocitta cristata bromia Oberholser
- NORTHERN RAVEN Corvus corax principalis Ridgway
- CROW Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm
- FISH CROW Corvus ossifragus Wilson
- STARLING Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris Linnæus
- BOBOLINK Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnæus)
- COWBIRD Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert)
- RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD Agelaius phœniceus predatorius (Wilson)
- MEADOWLARK Sturnella magna magna (Linnæus)
- ORCHARD ORIOLE Icterus spurius (Linnæus)
- BALTIMORE ORIOLE Icterus galbula (Linnæus)
- RUSTY BLACKBIRD Euphagus carolinus (Müller)
- PURPLE GRACKLE AND BRONZED GRACKLE Quiscalus quiscula rigdgwayi Oberholser and Quiscalus quiscula æneus Ridgway
- EVENING GROSBEAK Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (W. Cooper)
- PINE GROSBEAK Pinicola enucleator leucura (Müller)
- PURPLE FINCH Carpodacus purpureus purpureus (Gmelin)
- RED OR AMERICAN CROSSBILL Loxia curvirostra pusilla Gloger
- WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL Loxia leucoptera Gmelin
- REDPOLL Acanthis linaria linaria (Linnæus)
- GOLDFINCH Astragalinus tristis tristis (Linnæus)
- PINE SISKIN Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson)
- ENGLISH SPARROW Passer domesticus (Linnæus)
- SNOW BUNTING Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnæus)
- VESPER SPARROW Poœcetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin)
- SAVANNAH SPARROW Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson)
- GRASSHOPPER SPARROW Ammodramus savannarum australis Maynard
- WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW Zonotrichia leucophrys (J. R. Forster)
- WHITE-THROATED SPARROW Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin)
- TREE SPARROW Spizella arborea arborea (Wilson)
- CHIPPING SPARROW Spizella passerina passerina (Bechstein)
- FIELD SPARROW Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson)
- SLATE-COLORED JUNCO Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnæus)
- SONG SPARROW Melospiza melodia melodia (Wilson)
- SWAMP SPARROW Melospiza georgiana (Latham)
- FOX SPARROW Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem)
- TOWHEE Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Linnæus)
- CARDINAL Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis (Linnæus)
- ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK Hedymeles ludoviciana (Linnæus)
- INDIGO BUNTING Passerina cyanea (Linnæus)
- SCARLET TANAGER Piranga olivacea (Gmelin)
- PURPLE MARTIN Progne subis subis (Linnæus)
- CLIFF SWALLOW; EAVES SWALLOW Petrochelidon albifrons albifrons (Rafinesque)
- BARN SWALLOW Hirundo rustica erythrogastris Boddaert
- TREE SWALLOW; WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot)
- BANK SWALLOW Riparia riparia riparia (Linnæus)
- ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW Stelgidopteryx serripennis serripennis (Audubon)
- CEDAR WAXWING Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot
- NORTHERN SHRIKE Lanius borealis Vieillot
- MIGRANT SHRIKE Lanius ludovicianus migrans W. Palmer
- THE VIREOS
- RED-EYED VIREO Vireosylva olivacea (Linnæus)
- PHILADELPHIA VIREO Vireosylva philadelphica Cassin
- WARBLING VIREO Vireosylva gilva gilva (Vieillot)
- YELLOW-THROATED VIREO Lanivireo flavifrons (Vieillot)
- WHITE-EYED VIREO Vireo griseus griseus (Boddaert)
- BLUE-HEADED VIREO Lanivireo solitarius solitarius (Wilson)
- BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER Mniotilta varia (Linnæus)
- WORM-EATING WARBLER Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin)
- BLUE-WINGED WARBLER Vermivora pinus (Linnæus)
- GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnæus)
- NASHVILLE WARBLER Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla (Wilson)
- ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER Vermivora celata celata (Say)
- TENNESSEE WARBLER Vermivora peregrina (Wilson)
- PARULA WARBLER; BLUE YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER Compsothlypis americana pusilla (Wilson)
- CAPE MAY WARBLER Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin)
- YELLOW WARBLER Dendroica æstiva æstiva (Gmelin)
- BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER Dendroica cærulescens cærulescens (Gmelin)
- MYRTLE WARBLER; YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER Dendroica coronata coronata (Linnæus)
- MAGNOLIA WARBLER Dendroica magnolia (Wilson)
- CERULEAN WARBLER Dendroica cerulea (Wilson)
- CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnæus)
- BAY-BREASTED WARBLER Dendroica castanea (Wilson)
- BLACK-POLL WARBLER Dendroica striata (J. R. Forster)
- BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER Dendroica fusca (Müller)
- BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin)
- PINE WARBLER Dendroica pinus pinus (Wilson)
- PALM WARBLER AND YELLOW PALM WARBLER Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin) and Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway
- PRAIRIE WARBLER Dendroica discolor (Vieillot)
- OVENBIRD Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus (Linnæus)
- NORTHERN WATER-THRUSH Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin)
- LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot)
- KENTUCKY WARBLER Oporornis formosus (Wilson)
- CONNECTICUT WARBLER Oporornis agilis (Wilson)
- MOURNING WARBLER Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson)
- MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linnæus)
- YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT Icteria virens virens (Linnæus)
- HOODED WARBLER Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert)
- WILSON’S WARBLER Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wilson)
- CANADIAN WARBLER Wilsonia canadensis (Linnæus)
- REDSTART Setophaga ruticilla (Linnæus)
- PIPIT; TITLARK Anthus spinoletta rubescens (Tunstall)
- MOCKINGBIRD Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linnæus)
- CATBIRD Dumetella carolinensis (Linnæus)
- BROWN THRASHER Toxostoma rufa rufa (Linnæus)
- CAROLINA WREN Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus (Latham)
- BEWICK’S WREN Thryomanes bewickii bewickii (Audubon)
- HOUSE WREN Troglodytes aëdon aëdon Vieillot
- WINTER WREN Nannus troglodytes hiemalis (Vieillot)
- SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN Cistothorus stellaris (Naumann)
- LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN Telmatodytes palustris palustris (Wilson)
- BROWN CREEPER Certhia familiaris americana Bonaparte
- WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH Sitta carolinensis cookei Oberholser
- RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH Sitta canadensis Linnæus
- TUFTED TITMOUSE Bæolophus bicolor (Linnæus)
- BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Linnæus)
- GOLDEN CROWNED KINGLET Regulus regulus satrapa Lichtenstein
- RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET Corthylio calendula calendula (Linnæus)
- BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER Polioptila cærulea cærulea (Linnæus)
- WOOD THRUSH Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin)
- WILSON’S THRUSH; VEERY Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens)
- GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH Hylocichla minima aliciæ (Baird)
- OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi)
- HERMIT THRUSH Hylocichla guttata faxoni Bangs and Penard
- ROBIN Turdus migratorius migratorius Linnaeus
- BLUEBIRD Sialis sialis sialis (Linnaeus)
- INDEX
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